Chapter 10

Question 1

conditioned reinforcement

Answer 1

when behavior is strengthened by events that have an effect because of a conditioning history

Question 2

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 2

once the arbitrary event becomes able to increase the frequency of an operant

Question 3

unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 3

a reinforcing stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history

particular to a species

Question 4

chain schedule of reinforcement

Answer 4

involves two or more simple schedules (CRF, FI, VI, FR, or VR), each of which is presented sequentially and signaled by an arbitrary stimulus

only the terminal link of the chain results in unconditioned reinforcement

Question 5

tandem schedule

Answer 5

schedule of reinforcement in which unconditioned reinforcement is programmed after completing two or more schedules, presented sequentially without discriminative stimuli

Question 6

homogeneous chain schedule

Answer 6

when the topography or form of response is similar in each component

Question 7

heterogeneous chain schedule

Answer 7

requires different responses for each link

Question 8

backward chaining

Answer 8

you first teach the behavior in the terminal link of the chain.

Question 9

new-response method for conditioned reinforcement

Answer 9

First, a nonreinforcing stimulus is associated with a reinforcing event (sound of feeder is followed by food), and after this procedure the stimulus (sound of feeder) is shown to increase the frequency of some operant behavior.

Question 10

established-response method

Answer 10

an operant that produces unconditioned reinforcement is accompanied by a distinctive stimulus just prior to reinforcement then extinction is implemented but half of the subjects continue to get the stimulus that accompanied unconditioned reinforcement.

subjects with the stimulus present respond more than the subjects who do not get the stimulus associated with unconditioned reinforcement.

Question 11

S-S account of conditioned reinforcement

Answer 11

conditioned reinforcement is based on classical conditioning

Question 12

second-order schedule of reinforcement

Answer 12

involves two or more schedules of reinforcement in which completion of the requirements of one schedule is reinforced according to the requirements of a second schedule

Question 13

discriminative-stimulus account of conditioned reinforcement

Answer 13

states that an sd also acquires value as a conditioned reinforcer and does not depend on being a CS associated with food

Question 14

mixed schedule of reinforcement

Answer 14

same as a multiple schedule without discriminative stimuli

Question 15

observing response

Answer 15

a topographically different operation that functions to produce an sd or sdelta depending on whether reinforcement or extinction is in effect

Question 16

information account

Answer 16

A hypothesis suggesting that a stimulus becomes a conditioned reinforcer if it provides information about the occurrence of primary reinforcement. This notion has been largely discounted and replaced by Fantino’s (1969b) delay-reduction hypothesis. See also delay-reduction hypothesis.

Question 17

delay-reduction hypothesis

Answer 17

stimuli closer in time to positive reinforcement or further in time from an aversive event are more effective conditioned reinforcers

Question 18

concurrent-chain scheudles

Answer 18

an organism may choose between alternatives that signal different amounts of time to reinforcement

Question 19

generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 19

any event or stimulus that is correlated with or exchangeable for many sources of unconditioned reinforcement

Question 20

generalized social reinforcement

Answer 20

mediated by the behavior of other people

social consequences such as prause, attention, status, and affection are powerful reinforcers

Question 21

token schedules of reinforcement

Answer 21

have 3 distinct components including the token-production schedule, the exchange-production schedule, and the token-exchange schedule