Chapter 10 Flashcards
conditioned reinforcement
when behavior is strengthened by events that have an effect because of a conditioning history
conditioned reinforcer
once the arbitrary event becomes able to increase the frequency of an operant
unconditioned reinforcer
a reinforcing stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history
particular to a species
chain schedule of reinforcement
involves two or more simple schedules (CRF, FI, VI, FR, or VR), each of which is presented sequentially and signaled by an arbitrary stimulus
only the terminal link of the chain results in unconditioned reinforcement
tandem schedule
schedule of reinforcement in which unconditioned reinforcement is programmed after completing two or more schedules, presented sequentially without discriminative stimuli
homogeneous chain schedule
when the topography or form of response is similar in each component
heterogeneous chain schedule
requires different responses for each link
backward chaining
you first teach the behavior in the terminal link of the chain.
new-response method for conditioned reinforcement
First, a nonreinforcing stimulus is associated with a reinforcing event (sound of feeder is followed by food), and after this procedure the stimulus (sound of feeder) is shown to increase the frequency of some operant behavior.
established-response method
an operant that produces unconditioned reinforcement is accompanied by a distinctive stimulus just prior to reinforcement then extinction is implemented but half of the subjects continue to get the stimulus that accompanied unconditioned reinforcement.
subjects with the stimulus present respond more than the subjects who do not get the stimulus associated with unconditioned reinforcement.
S-S account of conditioned reinforcement
conditioned reinforcement is based on classical conditioning
second-order schedule of reinforcement
involves two or more schedules of reinforcement in which completion of the requirements of one schedule is reinforced according to the requirements of a second schedule
discriminative-stimulus account of conditioned reinforcement
states that an sd also acquires value as a conditioned reinforcer and does not depend on being a CS associated with food
mixed schedule of reinforcement
same as a multiple schedule without discriminative stimuli
observing response
a topographically different operation that functions to produce an sd or sdelta depending on whether reinforcement or extinction is in effect
information account
A hypothesis suggesting that a stimulus becomes a conditioned reinforcer if it provides information about the occurrence of primary reinforcement. This notion has been largely discounted and replaced by Fantino’s (1969b) delay-reduction hypothesis. See also delay-reduction hypothesis.
delay-reduction hypothesis
stimuli closer in time to positive reinforcement or further in time from an aversive event are more effective conditioned reinforcers
concurrent-chain scheudles
an organism may choose between alternatives that signal different amounts of time to reinforcement
generalized conditioned reinforcer
any event or stimulus that is correlated with or exchangeable for many sources of unconditioned reinforcement
generalized social reinforcement
mediated by the behavior of other people
social consequences such as prause, attention, status, and affection are powerful reinforcers
token schedules of reinforcement
have 3 distinct components including the token-production schedule, the exchange-production schedule, and the token-exchange schedule
