CHAPTER 6 Vocab A-N

Question 1

A visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed

Answer 1

Afterimage

Question 2

A significant memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgettin

Answer 2

Amnesia

Question 3

Loss of memory for events that occur after a head injury

Answer 3

Anterograde amnesia

Question 4

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Answer 4

Attention

Question 5

A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

Answer 5

Chunk

Question 6

the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

Answer 6

Clustering

Question 7

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowlege

Answer 7

Cognition

Question 8

A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items

Answer 8

Conceptual hierarchy

Question 9

Parallel distributed processing models

Answer 9

Connectionist models

Question 10

A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memories

Answer 10

Consolidation

Question 11

The idea that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Answer 11

Decay theory

Question 12

Memory for factual information

Answer 12

Declarative memory system

Question 13

Paivio’s theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall

Answer 13

Dual-coding theory

Question 14

Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Answer 14

Elaboration

Question 15

Sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate it

Answer 15

ESB

Question 16

Forming a memory code

Answer 16

Encoding

Question 17

The idea that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

Answer 17

Encoding specificity principle

Question 18

Chronological or temporally dated recollections of personal experiences

Answer 18

Episodic memory system

Question 19

Intentional recollection of previous experiences

Answer 19

Explicit memory

Question 20

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

Answer 20

Flashbulb memories

Question 21

A graph showing retention and forgetting over time

Answer 21

Forgetting curve

Question 22

The part of the brain that includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem; the medulla and the pons

Answer 22

Hindbrain

Question 23

The tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out

Answer 23

Hindsight bias

Question 24

Type of memory apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering

Answer 24

Implicit memory

Question 25

The idea that people forget information because of competition from other material

Answer 25

Interference theory

Question 26

Careful, systematic observation of one’s own conscious experience

Answer 26

Introspection

Question 27

A mnemonic technique in which one associates a concrete word with an abstract word and generates an image to represent the concrete word

Answer 27

Keyword method

Question 28

The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in longer-lasting memory of codes

Answer 28

Levels of processing theory

Question 29

Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

Answer 29

Link method

Question 30

An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of times

Answer 30

Long term memory (LTM)

Question 31

A long-lasting increase in neural excitability in synapses along a specific neural pathway

Answer 31

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Question 32

A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

Answer 32

Method of loci

Question 33

Strategies for enhancing memory

Answer 33

Mnemonic devices

Question 34

Purposeful suppression of memories

Answer 34

Motivated forgetting

Question 35

Memory for actions, skills, and operations

Answer 35

Nondeclarative memory system