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AP Psych > Ch. 5 Review > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

Man behind Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov

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3
Q

Conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell was presented

A

Pavlov

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4
Q

Mainly regulates involuntary and reflexive responses

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Emotional responses

A

Phobias (classically conditioned)

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6
Q

Physiological response

A

Bodily response

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7
Q

Responses controlled through CC are said to be

A

Illicited

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8
Q

Any event in the environment that automatically causes a response

A

UCS

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9
Q

Naturally recurring response - unlearned

A

UCR

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10
Q

Anything that does not automatically cause a response UCR

A

Neutral Stimulus

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11
Q

Previously NS causes a response

A

CS

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12
Q

Learned response to previously neutral CS

A

CR

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13
Q

When a CS and UCR are paired = CR

A

Acquisition

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14
Q

When a CS is repeatedly presented alone until no longer elicits CR

A

Extinction

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15
Q

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS

A

Spontaneous recovery

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16
Q

When a CR is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS

A

Generalization

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17
Q

When a CR is NOT elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original CS

A

Discrimination

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18
Q

When a CS functions as if a UCS

A

Higher-order conditioning

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19
Q

A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

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20
Q

Man behind Operant conditioning

A

Skinner (and Thorndike)

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21
Q

Showed that rates and pigeons tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable outcomes

A

Skinner

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22
Q

Responses controlled through OC said to be

A

Elicit

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23
Q

Demonstrations of OC typically occur in a

A

Skinner box (operant chamber)

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24
Q

Animal’s response rate, as monitored by a cumulative recorder - results portrayed in graphs (steeper slope = faster response)

A

Key DV (dependent variable)

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25
Q

When a response gradually increases due to contingent reinforcement

A

Acquisition

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26
Q

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations to desired response

A

Shaping

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27
Q

When responding gradually stops and slows after reinforcement is terminated

A

Extinction

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28
Q

When organism continues to make response after reinforcement has been terminated

A

Resistance to extinction

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29
Q

When responding increases int eh presence of a stimulus resembles the original discriminative stimulus

A

Generalization

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30
Q

When responding does not increase in presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus

A

Discrimination

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31
Q

Inherently reinforcing

A

Primary reinforcer

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32
Q

Develop through learning

A

Secondary reinforcer

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33
Q

Behavior therapy used to reduce anxiety responses through counter-conditioning

A

Systematic desensitization

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34
Q

Stay relaxed

A

Relaxation training

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35
Q

Constructing a list of things from least to most fearful

A

Fear hierarchy

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36
Q

Work through the list of fears

A

Move through heirarchy

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37
Q

Rapid/intense exposure to fear response without the possibility of escape

A

Flooding

38
Q

Reconditioning to change response - based on CC

A

Counterconditioning

39
Q

Origins in basic research

A

Skinner/Thordike

40
Q

Increase rate of appropriate responses

A

Operant conditioning

41
Q

Establish positive responses

A

Operant conditioning

42
Q

Decrease rates of inappropriate responses

A

Operant conditioning

43
Q

Addition of pleasurable consequence

A

Positive reinforcement

44
Q

Reinforcement of response by removal of a negative stimulus

A

Negative reinforcement

45
Q

Sex, food, and touch

A

Primary reinforcers

46
Q

Money, toys, chocolate

A

Secondary reinforcers

47
Q

Basic(ish) reinforcers

A

Generalized reinforcers

48
Q

Recognition, prizes, applause

A

Social reinforcers

49
Q

Affect senses

A

Sensory reinforcers

50
Q

People will do a less desirable thing for a more desirable reward

A

Premack principle

51
Q

Every time - faster

A

Continuous schedule of reinforcement

52
Q

Every other time - slower

A

Partial or intermittent reinforcement

53
Q

Buy one get one free - consistent amount

A

Fixed ratio

54
Q

Bonus every two weeks - depends on time

A

Fixed interval

55
Q

Schedule that changes - bonus every 3 cars, then 2 cars
Slot machine
Most addictive

A

Variable ratio

56
Q

Behaving differently in the presence of 1 stimulus vs another

A

Stimulus control

57
Q

Constantly changing the amount - fishing

A

Variable interval

58
Q

Circumstance or action that precedes reinforcement - ability to differentiate between stimuli

A

Discriminative stimuli

59
Q

Delivery of punisher is close in time with an independent variable - walking under ladders

A

Superstitious behavior

60
Q

Reinforcement is closer to a desired response - refining behavior behavior - dishes

A

Shaping

61
Q

Reinforce appropriate responses

A

Positive reinforcement

62
Q

Completely ignore undesirable stimuli

A

Extinction

63
Q

Response -> punishment

A

Timeout

64
Q

Time out

A

Responses cost

65
Q

Opposite of operant conditioning - weaken response

A

Punishment

66
Q

Anxiety - Anger - Hostility - Aggressive behavior

A

Side effects of frequent use of punishment

67
Q

Consistent - delivered swiftly - severe

A

Necessary for punishment to be effective

68
Q

Watch/learn

A

High status models

69
Q

Observing peers

A

Similar models

70
Q

Affects performance - not learning - paid participation -

A

Rewarded models

71
Q

View that clinical depression can result in breaking someone - point that they no longer wish to fight back

A

Learned helplessness

72
Q

The act of people knowing exactly where to place a key and what to do with that key

A

Observation

73
Q

If an observer sees the modeled response lead to a _____ outcome, the observer’s tendency to emit the modeled response will be ____

A

Favorable; strengthened

74
Q

Bandura’s four key processes that are crucial in observational learning

A

Attention - reproduction - retention - observation

75
Q

Most people can not execute a breath-taking windmill dunk after John Halicek perform such a feat. This is an example of

A

Reproduction

76
Q

Carol has an important project due, but the project is on audio tape. Carol must listen to the tape, present the material to the class, and remember everything in a certain amount of time. She will use the method of

A

Retention

77
Q

John watched his mother steal a car and be arrested for the crime. Two weeks later, John steals money from a store. This is an example of

A

Attention

78
Q

Parents may insist on hitting their children because of their children’s aggressive behavior. In this scenario, the parents are acting as

A

Models

79
Q

The types of learning

A

Classical conditioning, observational learning, operant conditioning

80
Q

An English titmouse learning to break into milk bottles by observing the thievery of other titmice is an example of which type of learning?

A

Observational learning

81
Q

Children acquire a diverse array of responses from

A

Role models

82
Q

The principles of learning and conditioning have been applied to

A

Education, business, and industry

83
Q

Research on conditioning generally has demonstrated the importance of _____, but findings regarding the biological constraints on conditioning have shown that _____ is also very important

A

Nurture, nature

84
Q

The biological preparedness explanation for conditioned taste aversions illustrates which of your text’s unifying themes?

A

Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior

85
Q

In today’s business world, management often emphasizes positive reinforcement more than in the past. This illustrates

A

Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context

86
Q

Model of operationing conditioning shows how reinforcement and punishment can mold everything from a child’s bedtime whimpering to an adult’s restaurant preferences

A

Skinner

87
Q

Jointly influence behavior

A

Environment; heredity

88
Q

This model shows how experiences can account for everyday fears and other emotional responses

A

Classical conditioning model

89
Q

“Most human behavior is learned by observation through modeling”

A

Bandura

90
Q

The principles of observational learning have also been used to explain why physical punishment does what to aggressive behavior

A

Increases

AP Psych (34 decks)

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