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AP Psych > Ch. 2 Review > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Studies the relationship between biological processes (especially brain activity and behavior

A

Physiological Psychology

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2
Q

Biological causes for abnormal behavior

A

Physiological Psychology

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3
Q

Biologists of psychology

A

Physiological Psychology

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4
Q

Cell body (Powerhouse)

A

Soma

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5
Q

Branching structures that receive signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

Fiber that carries signals away from other cells

A

Axon

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7
Q

Insulated material that encases some axons - speed BoOsT

A

Myelin sheath

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8
Q

Small knobs at the end of axons that release neurotransmissions at synapse

A

Terminal buttons

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9
Q

Neuron’s stable negative charge when inactive

A

Resting potential

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10
Q

Voltage spike that travels along axons

A

Action Potential

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11
Q

Brief time after spike firing before another can begin (ALL OR NOTHING DANIEL)

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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12
Q

Al-or-None Law

A

A neuron either fires or it does not

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13
Q

Brain and spinal chord

A

Central Nervous System

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14
Q

Goes up from spinal chord - basic body functions

A

Hindbrain

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15
Q

Coordinates fine muscle movement/coordination - alcohol affects this

A

Cerebellum

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16
Q

Involved in sleep and arousal

A

Pons

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17
Q

Regulates automatic functions such as breathing and circulation

A

Medulla

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18
Q

Involved in finding objects in space; synthesizes dopamine

A

Midbrain

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19
Q

Most complex - part of brain that THINKS

A

Forebrain

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20
Q

Relay center for cortex; distributes incoming sensory signals except olfactory (smell)

A

Thalamus

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21
Q

Handles complex mental activities such as sensing, learning, thinking, and planning

A

Cerebrum

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22
Q

Primary sensory cortex

A

Parietal lobes

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23
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobes

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24
Q

Primary thinking cortex

A

Frontal lobes

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25
Q

Involved in mental reasoning; working memory

A

Prefrontal cortex

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26
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain

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27
Q

POns

A

Hindbrain

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28
Q

Medulla

A

Hindbrain

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29
Q

Thalamus

A

Forebrain

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30
Q

Cerebrum

A

Forebrain

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31
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Forebrain

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32
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Forebrain

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33
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Forebrain

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34
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Forebrain

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35
Q

Frefrontal cortex

A

Forebrain

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36
Q

Loosely connected network that contributes to emotions, attitudes, fears

A

Limbic System

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37
Q

Contributes to memory

A

Hippocampus

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38
Q

Involved in learning of fear responses and anger - angry Galitsky

A

Amygdala

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39
Q

Regulates basic biological needs such hunger, thirst, and sex

A

Hypothalamus

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40
Q

Consists of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into bloodstream - regulate responses to stress, sexual development, hormones

A

Endocrine System

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41
Q

Nerves to voluntary muscles, sensory receptors

A

Somatic Nervous System

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42
Q

Nerves to skeletal muscles, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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43
Q

Sensory function to motor

A

Afferent

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44
Q

Motor function to sensory

A

Efferent

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45
Q

Speeds up bodily resources

A

Sympathetic

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46
Q

Calms down bodily resources

A

Parasympathetic

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47
Q

Monitor electrical activity of brain over time, yielding trace lines called brain waves

A

EEG

48
Q

Provides precise function of brain structure

A

CT/MRI scans

49
Q

Removing a piece of the brain to learn about the functioning

A

Lesioning

50
Q

Monitor level of activity of brain over time

A

PET scan

51
Q

Sending weak current into a brain structure to stimulate that area

A

ESB

52
Q

New technique that permits scientists to temporarily slow or stop activity in a specific area of the brain (used as a form of anesthesia)

A

TMS

53
Q

Released by neurons that control and contract muscles; possible linked to Alzheimer’s

A

Acetylcholine

54
Q

Increased levels lead to schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

55
Q

Decreased levels lead to Parkinson’s

A

Dopamine

56
Q

Dopamine circuits activated by

A

Reward center and midbrain

57
Q

Natural high; pain suppressor

A

Endorphins

58
Q

Inhibitory transmitter that contributes to regulation of neurotransmission

A

GABA

59
Q

Abnormal levels linked to catecholamines; contributes to modulation of mood and arousal

A

Norepinephrines

60
Q

Regulates sleep, mood, sense of well-being, abnormal levels linked to depression and OCD

A

Serotoninin

61
Q

Mainly linked with ALS

A

ATP

62
Q

Receptive problem; difficulty understanding words

A

Wernike’s aphasia

63
Q

Problems producing words

A

Broca’s aphasia

64
Q

Difficulty carrying out certain tasks

A

Aproxia

65
Q

Right hemisphere controls

A

Left side of body

66
Q

Visual/spatial abilities, art, emotion, intuition, creative processing, spatial, musical, and visual recognition tasks

A

Right side brain

67
Q

Left hemisphere controls

A

Right side of body

68
Q

Math, logic, language, problem soling, logical processing, language, speech, reading, and writing

A

Left side brain

69
Q

Organisms mutate in endliess ways

A

Darwin’s insight

70
Q

Some traits are hereditary

A

Darwin’s insight

71
Q

Variation in hereditary traits might affect organisms’ traits and reproductive success

A

Darwin’s Insights

72
Q

Reproductive success of an organism relative to survival

A

Fitness

73
Q

How characteristics sculpted through natural selection because they helped sole a problem of survival or reproduction when they emerged

A

Adaptation

74
Q

The sum of individuals own reproductive success and reproductive success of all others

A

Inclusive Fitness

75
Q

Species’ typical patterns of behavior often reflect evolutionary solutions to adaptive problems

A

Adaptive traits

76
Q

Threadlike strands of DNA that carry genetic info

A

Chromosomes

77
Q

Genetic segments that are key functional units in hereditary transmission

A

Genes

78
Q

Homozygous

A

Same

79
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different

80
Q

Person’s genetic makeup

A

Genotype

81
Q

Person’s physical characteristics

A

Phenoytype

82
Q

Assess trait resemblance among blood relatives

A

Family studies

83
Q

Compare trait resemblance of identical and fraternal twins

A

Twin studies

84
Q

Compare adopted children to their genetic parents and to adoptive parents

A

Adoption studies

85
Q

Determines location and chemical sequence of specific genes, which can help pinpoint links between particular genes and genetic traits

A

Genetic mapping

86
Q

The limbic system is involved in the regulation of emotion memory, and

A

Motivation

87
Q

Hunger center of the brain

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

All sensory info passes through the thalamus except

A

Smell

89
Q

Charge of largely unconscious but vital functions

A

Medulla Oblongata

90
Q

Emotion and agression

A

Amygdala

91
Q

The limbic system is a loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas. Limbic mean s

A

Edge

92
Q

The brainstem resembles

A

Cauliflower!

93
Q

The left hemisphere of the human brain was implicated int eh control of language as early as

A

1861

94
Q

Split brain surgery dude

A

Roger Sperry

95
Q

Damage leads to problems with the comprehension of language

A

Wernicke’s area

96
Q

Which hemisphere is faster at processing visual spatial than which?

A

Right; left

97
Q

Hormones released by the stomach and intestines help control what

A

Digestion

98
Q

The endocrine system is controlled by the nervous system through the

A

Hypothalamus

99
Q

Secretes hormones in response to stress can signal the hypothalamus to inhibit further hormone output

A

Adrenal medulla

100
Q

Levels of many hormones are regulated through

A

Negative feedback systems

101
Q

Body’s sexual glands

A

Gonads

102
Q

Hormones being released several times a day in outbursts that only last a few minutes

A

Pulsatile

103
Q

What two characteristics jointly shape behavior

A

Logic and Heredity

104
Q

Female wood frogs are sexually reproductive

A

5 nights a year

105
Q

Consists of random fluctuation in gene frequencies over generations as a result of chance alone

A

Gene Flow

106
Q

Monogamy tends to emerge when male and female parental investements are roughly

A

Opposite

107
Q

Biochemical bases of genetic information

A

Molecular geneticists

108
Q

Natural selection works on

A

Environment rather than society

109
Q

Genes for detached earlobes are dominant over genes for attached earlobes

A

Heterozygous

110
Q

Empirical approach depends on

A

Experimenting

111
Q

Empirical methods are

A

Lifeblood of the scientific enterprise

112
Q

Origin of Species was written in

A

1795

113
Q

Sex cells that form a zygote each have

A

23 chromosomes

114
Q

Human physiological makeup is influenced by

A

Genes

115
Q

Control centers for the endocrine system

A

Thalamus, cerebellum

116
Q

Twins that don’t have exactly the same genotype

A

Dizygotic

117
Q

Second cousins with a 6.25% genetic relationship fit into which degree of relatedness?

A

3rd degree

AP Psych (34 decks)

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