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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 6: Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Process in which specialized cells of nervous system detect environmental stimuli and transduce their energy into receptor potentials
- Involved cells of nervous system that are specialized to detect stimuli from environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

Conscious experience and interpretation of info from senses

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3
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Shortest Wavelengths—> Longest Wavlengths

Gamma rays
X- rays
Ultraviolet rays
Visible spectrum
Infrared rays
Radar
Television and radio
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4
Q

Visible Spectrum

A

400 nm- purple
500 nm- blue
600 nm- yellow
700 nm- red

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5
Q

Hue

A

Wavelength of light

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6
Q

Brightness

A

Intensity of light

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7
Q

Saturation

A

Relative purity of light

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8
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized neuron that detects a particular category of physical events

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9
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

Process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potential

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10
Q

Receptor Potential

A

Slow, graded electrical potential produced by receptor cell in response to physical stimulus

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11
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on inner surface of posterior portion of eye

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12
Q

Eyes are held in place and moved by […] attached to […]

A

Six extraocular muscles; sclera

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13
Q

Sclera

A

white outer coat of eye

Opaque and doesn’t permit entry of light into eye

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14
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membranes that line eyelid and fold back to attach to eye

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15
Q

Cornea

A

Outer layer

Transparent

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16
Q

Pupil

A

Regulates amount of light that enters eye

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17
Q

Accomodation

A

Changes in thickness of lens of eye, accomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on retina

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18
Q

Main part of eyes are filled with […]

A

Vitreous humor

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19
Q

Photoreceptor

A

One of receptor cells of retina

Transduces photic energy into electrical potential

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20
Q

Rod

A

Sensitive to light of low intensity

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21
Q

Cone

A

Maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision

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22
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Convey info from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

- middle layer of retina

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23
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Receives visual info from bipolar cells

- Axons give rise to optic nerve

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24
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Interconnect adjacent photoreceptors and outer processes of bipolar cells

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25
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Neuron in retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and inner processes of bipolar cells

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26
Q

We have […] rods than cones

A

More

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27
Q

[…] provide us with most of visual info about environment

A

Cones

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28
Q

Fovea

A

Region of retina that mediates most acute vision of birds and higher mammals
- only contains cones

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29
Q

Characteristics of Cones

A
  • Most prevalent in central retina; found in fovea
  • Sensitive to moderate to high levels of light
  • Provide info about hue
  • Provide excellent activity
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30
Q

Characteristics of Rods

A
  • Most prevalent in the peripheral retina; not found in fovea
  • Provide only monochromatic info
  • Provide poor acuity
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31
Q

Optic Disk

A

Location of exit point from retina of fibers of ganglion cells that form optic nerve
- Responsible for blind spot

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32
Q

Transduction

A

Process by which energy from environment is converted to change in membrane potential in neuron

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33
Q

Photopigments are embedded in […]

A

Lamellae

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34
Q

Photopigments

A

Protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from Vitamin A
- Responsible for transduction of visual info

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35
Q

Lamellae

A

Layer of membrane containing photopigments

- Found in rods and cones of retina
- Thin plates of membrane that make up outer segment of photoreceptors
36
Q

Each photoreceptor consists of outer segment connected by […] to inner segment

A

Cilium

37
Q

Photopigment=

A

Photopigment= opsin+ retinal

  • Opsin- class of protein that constitutes photopigments
  • Retinal- chemical synthesized from Vitamin A (lipid)
38
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Particular opsin found in cones

- Exposed to light —> breaks info into rod opsin and retinal
- Triggers cascade of intracellular events that hyperpolarize photoreceptor membrane (first step in visual processing)
39
Q

Receptive Field

A

Portion of visual field in which presentation of visual stimuli will produce an alteration in firing rate of particular neuron

- place visual stimulus must be located to produce response in neuron
- location of receptive field of particular neuron depends on location of photoreceptors that provide it with visual info
40
Q

Fovea and Periphery

A
  • At periphery of retina many individual receptors converge on single ganglion cell
  • Relatively large area of visual field
  • Fovea contains approximately equal numbers of ganglion cells and cones
41
Q

Types of Eye Movements

A
  • Vergence Movement
  • Saccadic Movement
  • Pursuit Movement
42
Q

Vergence Movement

A

Cooperative movement of eyes, which ensures that image of an object falls on identical portions of both retinas

43
Q

Saccadic Movement

A

Rapid, jerky movement of eyes used in scanning visual scene

44
Q

Pursuit Movement

A

Movement that eyes make to maintain an image of moving object on fovea

45
Q

Optic Nerves

A

Bundles of axons from retinal ganglion cells exit the eye and convey info to lateral genicular nucleus

- Located at back of eye
- Bundles axons of ganglion cells
46
Q

Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A

Group of cell bodies within lateral geniculate body of thalamus receives input from retina and project to primary visual cortex

47
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Cross- shaped connection between optic nerves, located below the base of brain, just anterior to pituitary gland

48
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Pathway of visual processing from retina of LGN to striate and extrastriate cortical regions
- Journey of info from light detection in retina to experiencing complex visual scenes

  • Photoreceptors —>LGN —> primary visual cortex (V1) —> visual association cortex (V2)
49
Q

Visual Association Cortex (V2, extrastriate cortex)

A

Receives fibers from striate cortex and from superior colliculi and projects to inferior temporal cortex

  - responsible for combining information from the striate cortex to allow an individual to perceive objects and entire visual scenes - receives info from "lower" regions and passes info to "higher" regions
50
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Layers

A

Layers 1, 4, 6= receive input from retinal ganglion cells of contralateral (opposite) eye

Layers 2, 3, 5= receive input from ipsilateral (same side) eye

51
Q

Magnocellular Layer

A

2 inner layers in dorsal LGN

- Transmit info necessary for perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences in brightness to V1

52
Q

Parvocellular Layers

A

4 outer layers in dorsal LGN

- Transmit info necessary for perception of color and fine details to V1

53
Q

Koniocellular Sublayer

A

Beneath other two types in dorsal LGN

- Transmits info from short-wavelength (“blue”) cones to V1

54
Q

Striate Cortex

A
  • First cortical region involved in combining visual info from several sources
  • about 25% of striate cortex is devoted to analysis of info from fovea
  • receives visual input from LGN and performs additional processing of information
    - transmits information to extrastriate cortex (V2)
55
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

System of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in perception of spatial location, beginning with striate cortex and ending with posterior parietal cortex

- Processes where object is located
- Speed and direction of movement
56
Q

Ventral Stream

A

System of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in perception of spatial location, beginning with striate cortex and ending with inferior temporal cortex
- Processes what an object is and its colors

57
Q

Protanopia

A

Inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused “red” cones are filled with “green” cone opsin

  • involve genes on X chromosomes
58
Q

Deuteranopia

A

Inherited form of defective color vision in which red and green hues are confused “green” cones are filled with “red” cone opsin

  • involve genes on X chromosomes
59
Q

Tritanopia

A

Inherited form of defective color vision in which hues with short wavelengths are confused “blue” cones are either lacking or faulty

60
Q

Monochromatic vision

A

retina completely lacks cones

61
Q

Yellow-blue ganglion cells are excited by […]

A

“Red” and “green” cones

62
Q

Negative Afterimaging

A

Image seen after portion of retina is exposed to intense visual stimulus
- Consists of colors complementary to those of physical stimulus

63
Q

Complementary Color

A

Colors that make white or gray when mixed together

64
Q

Rebound Effect

A

When ganglion cells are excited or inhibited for prolonged period of time, they later fire faster or slower than normal

65
Q

Parvocellular system receives info only from […]

A

“Red” and “green” cones

66
Q

Addition info from […] cones transmitted through koniocellular system

A

“Blue”

67
Q

Cells in parvocellular system

A

Show high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution

68
Q

Cells in koniocellular system

A

Doesn’t provide info about fine detail

69
Q

Cells in magnocellular system

A

Color blind

- can detect smaller contrasts
- sensitive to movement
- dorsal stream
70
Q

Cerebral Achromatopsia

A

Inability to discriminate among different hues

- Caused by damage to visual association cortex
- no disruption of visual acuity
71
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Defects in visual perception in absence of blindness

- Caused by damage to extrastriate cortex
- Unable to identify common items by sight, although visual acuity remains
72
Q

Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC)

A

Region of extrastriate cortex involved in perception of objects other than people’s bodies and faces

73
Q

Prosopragnosia

A

Failure to recognize particular people by sight of their faces

  • Congenital prosopragnosia show decreased connectivity within occipito-temporal cortex
74
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

Located in inferior temporal lobe and involved in perception of faces and other complex objects that require expertise to recognize

  • development of FFA is altered in people with autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome
75
Q

Williams Syndrome

A

Genetic condition caused by mutation on chromosome 7

- FFA is enlarged

76
Q

Monocular Vision

A

Perspective, relative retinal size, loss of detail through the effects of atmospheric haze, and appearance of movement

77
Q

Binocular vision

A

Vivid perception of depth though process of stereopsis

- Most neurons in striate cortex are binocular and respond to retinal disparity
- Density- sensitive neurons are found in dorsal stream
78
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Fact that points on objects located at different distances from observer will fall on slightly different locations on two retinas
- Provides basis for stereopsis

79
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Spatial perception

- damage = deficits in visually guided movements

80
Q

Ventral Stream

A

Object perception

81
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

Highest level of dorsal stream of V2

- involved in perception of movement and spatial location

82
Q

Parietal Cortex

A
  • Receives info from visual, auditory, somatosensory, and vestibular info
  • Involved with guiding actions
83
Q

Area V5/ Area MT

A

Contains neurons that respond to movement

- Receives input directly from striate cortex
- Receives input from superior colliculus (involved in visual reflexes and eye movements)
  • found in inferior temporal sulcus
84
Q

Area MST receives info about […]

A

Movement from V5

- helps analyze optic flow

85
Q

Optic Flow

A

Complex motion of points in visual field cause by relative movement between observer and environment provides info about relative distance of objects from observer and of relative direction of movement

86
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Inability to perceive movement, caused by damage to area V5

87
Q

[…] is involved in perceiving form from motion

A

Superior temporal sulcus

Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences (15 decks)

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