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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 5: Methods And Strategies Of Research > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Methods And Strategies Of Research Flashcards

1
Q

Experimental Ablation

A

Removal/ destruction of portion of brain of lab animals

  • functions that can no longer be performed are the ones the region previously controlled

= lesion study

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2
Q

Goal of Experimental Ablation

A

Discover what functions are performed by different regions of brain and to understand how functions are combined to accomplish particular behaviors

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3
Q

Produce Brain Lesions

A

Pass electrical current through stainless steel wire that is coated with insulated coating

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4
Q

Excitotoxic Lesion

A

Brain lesion produced by intracerebral injection of excitatory AA (ex. Kainic acid)

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5
Q

Sham lesion

A

Placebo procedure that duplicates all the steps of producing a brain lesion except one that actually causes brain damage

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6
Q

Muscimol

A

Local anesthetic into parts of brain

- stimulates GABA-R —> inactivates region of brain by inhibiting neurons located there

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7
Q

Optogenetics

A

Can be used to stimulate/ inhibit brain regions

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8
Q

Stereotaxic Surgery

A

Brain surgery using a stereotaxic apparatus to position an electrode or cannula in specified position of brain

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9
Q

Stereotaxis

A

Ability to locate objects in space

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10
Q

Stereotaxis Atlas

A

Collection of drawings of sections of brain of particular animal with measurements that provide coordinates for stereotaxic surgery

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11
Q

Bregma

A

Junction of sagital and coronal sutures of skull

- used as reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery

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12
Q

Stereotaxic Apparatus

A

Device that permits surgeon to position an electrode/ cannula into specific part of brain
- Used to treat chronic pain, movement disorders, epilepsy, depression, and OCD

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13
Q

Histological Methods: Fixation and Sectioning

A

Tissue must be preserved to prevent decomposition by baceria or molds

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14
Q

Fixative

A

Chemical used to prepare and preserve body tissue

ex. Formalin

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15
Q

Formalin

A

Aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas

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16
Q

Microtome

A

Instrument that produces very thing slices of body tissues

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17
Q

Cryostat

A

Instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissue inside freezer chamber

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18
Q

Staining dyes

A

Methylene blue

Cresyl violet

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19
Q

Immunocytochemical Method

A

Histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with dye molecules to indicate presence of particular proteins of peptides

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20
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Microscope passes focused beam of electrons through thin slices of tissue to reveal extremely small details

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21
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Provides 3D info about shape of surface of small object by scanning object with thin beam of electrons

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22
Q

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

A

Microscope that provides high-resolution images of various depths of thick tissue that contains fluorescent molecules by scanning the tissue with light from laser beam

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23
Q

Tracing Efferent Neurons

A

Understand destination of neural pathway

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24
Q

Anterograde Labeling Method

A

Histological method that labels axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in particular region
- employ chems that are taken up by dendrites/ cell bodies

25
Q

Tracing Afferent Neurons

A

Circuits before structure of interest

26
Q

Retrograde Labeling Method

A

Histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in particular region
- Employ chems that are taken up by terminal button

27
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT)

A

Use of device that employs computer to analyze data obtained by scanning beam of X-rays to produce 2D picture of “slice” through body

28
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Technique where interior of body can be accurately imaged

- Involves interaction between radio waves and strong magnetic field
- Shows “slice” of brain
- Better detail than CT
29
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

Imaging method that uses modified MRI scaner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in living human brain

- Movement of water molecules in bundles of white matter
- Find location of fiber bundles in living human brain
30
Q

Microelectrodes

A

Very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons
- Can be implanted permanently to record neural activity as animal moves

31
Q

Single-Unit Recording

A

Recording of electrical activity of single neuron

32
Q

Macroelectrodes

A

Electrode used to record electrical activity of large numbers of neurons in particular region of brain

33
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on scalp

34
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Procedure that detects groups of synchronously activated neurons by means of magnetic field induced by their electrical activity

- Uses an array of SQUIDs
- shows changes in brain activity quickly
35
Q

2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)

A

Sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized

- Measures local glucose utilization in autoradiography
- Measures regional metabolic activity of human brain
36
Q

Autoradiography

A

Procedure that locates radioactive aubstances in slice of tissue

- Radiation exposes photographic emulsion or piece of film that covers tissue
    - consuming radioactive 2-DG
37
Q

Fos

A

Protein produced in nucleus of neuron in response to synaptic stimulation
- When neurons activated —> immediate early genes turned on —> particular proteins produced

38
Q

Functional Imaging

A

Computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes in particular regions of brain

39
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Functional imaging method that reveals localization of radioactive tracer in living brain
- can localize any radioactive substance taken up in human brain

40
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

Functional imaging method that is modification of MRI procedure that permits measurement of regional metabolism in brain, usually by detecting changes in blood O2 level

- Best spatial resolution
- BOLD: blood O2 level-dependent signal
- HIgher resolution than PET scans
41
Q

Electrical Stimulation

A

Passes electrical current through wire inserted into brain using stereotaxic surgery

42
Q

Chemical Stimulation

A

Inject small amount of excitatory AA (ex. Kainic acid)

- Requires cannulas, tubes, special pumps or syringe
- Activates cell bodies but not axons
43
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Stimulation of cerebral cortex by means of magnetic fields prodiced by passing pulses of electricity through coil of wite placed next to skull

- Interferes with functions of brain region that is stimulated
- Treats symptoms of neurological and mental disorders
44
Q

Optogenetic Method

A

Use of genetically modified virus to insert light-sensitive ion channels into membrane of particular neurons in brain

- can depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons when light of appropriate wavelength is applied
- Stimulate or inhibit selected populations of neurons in specific brain region
- used to study functions of particular neural circuit in brain
45
Q

Immunocytochemical localization of peptide/ protein

A
  • exposes brain tissue to antibodies
  • requires specific antibody
  • identify neurons producing a particular NT or neuromodulator
46
Q

Immunocytochemical localization of enzyme responsible for synthesis of substance

A
  • Useful if substance is not peptide/ protein

- Identify neurons producing a particular NT or neuromodulator

47
Q

Microdialysis

A

Procedure for analyzing chemicals present in interstitial fluid by extracting them through small piece of tubing made of semipermeable membrane that is implanted in brain

- Dialysis
- Measures NT and neuromodulators released by neurons
- Wide variety of substances can be analyzed
48
Q

Dialysis

A

Process in which substances are separated by means of an artificial membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not others

49
Q

Target Mutations

A
  • Mutation gene produced in lab and inserted into chromosomes of mices
  • Alters production of functional protein
50
Q

Conditional Knockouts

A

Animal’s genes to stop expressing a particular gene when the animal is given a particular drug

51
Q

Antisense Oligonucleotides

A
  • Modified strand of RNA or DNA that binds with a specific molecule of mRNA and prevents it from producing its protein
  • Prevents production of particular protein
  • Can produce changes in behavior
  • Antisense
52
Q

Antisense

A

Synthetic oligonucleotides contain sequence of bases complementary to these contained by particular gene/ molecule of mRNA

53
Q

CRISPR-Cas Method

A
  • Technique that inactivate or alters the production of proteins by inserting new genetic sequences into DNA
  • Alters production of proteins thorugh changes to DNA
  • Breaks both strands at target site, causing cells to repair
    • Can inactivate gene, creating new gene sequence
    • Can create new genetic sequence, which can be inserted into DNA
  • Used to model neurodegenerative diseases caused by genetic mutation
54
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

technique using stereotaxis surgery to implant permanent electrode in brain
- used to treat chronic pain, movement disorders, epilepsy, depression, and OCD

55
Q

ChR2-ion channel

A

blue light causes channels to depolarize and let in Na+ and Ca2+

56
Q

NpHR-ion channel

A

yellow causes channels to hyperpolarize and let in Cl-

57
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genes that compose the DNA of a particular species

58
Q

Allele

A

nature of the particular sequence of base pairs of DNA that constitutes a gene

Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences (15 decks)

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