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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Ch 9: Sleep And Biological Rhythms > Flashcards

Ch 9: Sleep And Biological Rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

An electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in muscle

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2
Q

Electro-oculogram (EOC)

A

An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes places on skin around them
- Detects eye movements

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3
Q

Alpha Activity

A

Smooth electrical activity of 8-12 Hz recorded from brain

- Associated with state of relaxation
- Regular, medium-frequency
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4
Q

Beta Activity

A

Irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from brain

- Assciated with state of arousal
- Desynchrony
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5
Q

Stage 1

A
  • A transition between sleep and wakefulness
  • Presence of theta activity
  • Experience hypnic jerks
  • Lasts about 10 minutes
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6
Q

Theta activity

A

EEG activity of 3.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave lseep and REM sleep

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7
Q

Hypnic jerks

A

Muscle contractions followed by relaxation

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8
Q

Stage 2

A
  • Theta activity
  • Sleep spindles
  • K complexes
  • Lasts about 15 minutes
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9
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Short burst of waves of 12-14 Hz

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10
Q

K complex

A

Sudden, sharp waveforms

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11
Q

Stage 3

A
  • Slow-wave sleep
  • High amplitude delta activity
  • Deepest stage of sleep
  • Last about 1 hour
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12
Q

Slow-wave sleep

A

NREM sleep characterized by synchronous EEG activtiy during its deeper stages

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13
Q

Delta activity

A

Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from brain
- Occurs during deepest stages of slow-wave sleep

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14
Q

REM sleep stage

A
  • Dreams
  • Easily awoken by meaningful stimuli
  • REM sleep paralysis occur because most of our spinal and cranial motor neurons are strongly inhibited
  • At same time cerebral blood flow and O2 consumption are accelerated
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15
Q

REM sleep

A

Period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occurs
- penile erection or vaginal secretion

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16
Q

Sleep Cycles

A
  • Sleep alternates between periods of REM and NREM sleep
  • Each cycle is about 90 minutes, containing 20-30 minute period of REM sleep
  • Most slow-wave sleep occurs during first half
  • Later is more stage 2 sleep
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17
Q

REM and Dreaming

A
  • Lucid dreaming- awareness that they are dreaming and aren’t awake
  • Eye movements may be related to visual imagery in dreams
  • Brain mechanisms active during dream are same as in real life
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18
Q

Prefrontal Cortex: REM

A
  • Low cerebral blood flow activity

- Reflects lack of organization and planning thast occur in dreams

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19
Q

Extrastriate Cortex: REM

A
  • High cerebral blood flow activity

- Reflects visual hallucinations during dreaming

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20
Q

Striate Cortex: REM

A
  • Low cerebral blood flow activity

- Lack of visual input

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21
Q

Brain Activity for Slow-Wave Sleep

A
  • Brain activtiy can accompany dreamlike imagery
    • Decreased throughout brain compared to waking
    • Decreased blood flow to thalamus and cerebellum
  • Localized increases of cerebral blood flow in visual and auditory cortexes
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22
Q

When trying to regain sleep […]

A
  • can never regain all sleep lost

- slow-wave sleep and REM sleep are prioritized over other stages

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23
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia

A

Inherited neurological disorder
Progresive insomnia
Results in damage to portins of thalamus
Destroy after 12 months

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24
Q

Sleep destroys […]

A

Free radicals and prevents their damaging effects

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25
Q

Sleep enhances […]

A

Removal of other neurotoxins from brain through glymphatic system— connections interstitial fluid surrounding cells and CSF

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26
Q

Cognitive Activity

A

Permits brain to rest and recover from its daily cognitive activity
- Slow-wave sleep increases after day or weeks of intense cerebral activity

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27
Q

Functions of REM sleep

A

REM sleep is controlled by regulatory mechanisms

- Deficiency in REM sleep is made up later
- Call rebound phenomenon

Highest proportion of REM sleep is during most active phase of brain development, infancy, and childhood

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28
Q

Rebound Phenomenon

A

Increased frequency or intensity of phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed

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29
Q

REM sleep facilitates consolidation of […]

A

Nondeclarative memories

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30
Q

Slow-wave sleep facilitates consolidation of […]

A

Declarative memories

  • brain rehearses newly learned information during slow-wave sleep
31
Q

Adenosine

A

If wakefulness is prolonged, adenosine accumulates, inbiting neural activity
- lower glycogen—> increase in adenosine —> inhibitory effect on neural activity

  • Genetic factors affect duration of slow-wave sleep
    • Variability in gene that encodes adenosin deaminase
32
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Involved in arousal of cerebral cortex
  • 2 groups of ACh neurons produce activation and cortical desynchrony
  • One group of ACh neurons control activity of hippocampus
  • Found in pons, basal forebrain, and medial septum
33
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Catecholamine agonists produce arousal and sleepiness
    • Effects mediated by noradrenergic system of locus coeruleus
    • Noradrenergic LC neurons increase vigilence
  • Affects widespread and important regions of brain
  • High during wakefulness
34
Q

Serotonin

A
  • Plays role in activating behavior
  • Almost all of brain’s serotonerigic neurons are in raphe nuclei
    • Stimuli causes locomotion and cortical arousal
  • Most active during waking
35
Q

Histamine

A
  • Histaminergic neurons are located in tubertomammillary nucleus (TMN) of hypothalamus
  • Directly increases cortical activation and arousal
  • Indirectly increases release of ACh
  • High during waking
36
Q

Orexin

A
  • Projects to almost every part or brain with excitatory activity
  • High during alert or active waking, especially exploratory activity
  • Modafinil
  • Located in lateral hypothalamus
37
Q

Modafinil

A
  • drug to treat narcolepsy

- produces alerting effects by stimulating release of orexin

38
Q

Control of sleep is […]

A

Homeostatic

39
Q

Conscious attempt to control sleep is […]

A

Allostatic

- reactions to stressful events override homeostatic control

40
Q

Preoptic Area

A
  • Region of anterior hypothalamus
  • Suppress activity of arousal neurons
  • Majority of sleep neurons are in ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)
  • Activity of these neurons increases during sleep
41
Q

Ventrolateral preoptic area (vIPOA)

A

Group of GABAergic neurons in preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep

42
Q

Flip-flop circuits

A
  • reciprocal inhibition characterizes known as flip-flop
  • Either sleep neurons are active and inhibit wakefulness neurons, or wakefulness neurons are active and inhibit sleep neurons
    • Impossible for neurons in both regions to be active at same time
43
Q

Role of Orexin in Flip-Flop Circuit

A

Orexin- releasing neurons are involved in homeostatic, allostatic, and circadian factor

- Receive excitatory signals during the day
- Receive signal from brain mechanisms that monitor nutritional state
- Receive sleep signals
44
Q

REM Flip-Flop

A
  • REM-ON and REM-OFF regions are interconnected
  • REM-ON during waking results in cataplexy (paralysis)
  • REM-OFF during sleep leads to physically acting out dream
45
Q

Sublaterodorsal Nucleus (SLD)

A

Regionof dorsal pons, just ventral to LC, that forms REM-ON portion of REM sleep flip-flop

46
Q

Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray Matter (vIPAG)

A

Region of dorsal midbrain that forms REM-OFF portion of REM sleep flip-flop

47
Q

Primary Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during night

48
Q

Secondary Insomnia

A

Inability to sleep due to mental or physical condition

49
Q

Insomnia Treatment: Nonpharmacological Interventions

A

CBT progressice relaxation techs and changes in sleep hygiene

50
Q

Insomnia Treatment: Pharmacological Interventions

A
  • Hypnotics, BDZs, and over-the-counter antihistamines

- Chronic use can lead to tolerance and rebound insomnia

51
Q

Sleep Apnea

A
  • Cessation of breathing while sleeping, disrupting sleep

- Nearly all people have occasional episodes, but doesn’t interfere with sleep

52
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder characterized by period of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations

53
Q

Sleep Attack

A

Irresistable urge to sleep during the day, after which person awakens feeling refreshed
- Generally lasts for 2-5 minutes

54
Q

Cataplexy

A

Complete paralysis that occurs during waking

- Muscle weakness, could lead to temporary paralysis
- Precipitated by strong emotional reactions or sudden physical effort
- Loss of muscle tone is caused by massive inhibition of motor neurons in spinal cord
55
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

Paralysis occuring just before person falls asleep

- Inability to move just before onset of sleep ot on waking
- Hypnagogic hallucinations
56
Q

Physiological Basis of Narcolepsy

A
  • Relatively rare
  • Caused by hereditary autoimmune disorder
  • Strongly influenced by unknown environmental factors
  • Symptoms of narcolepsy treated with drugs
  • Treatment: Ritalin and Modafinil (stimulants or antidepressant drugs)
57
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A

Neurological disorder in which person doesn’t become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out his dream

58
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Characteristics

A
  • Paralysis doesn’t occur during REM sleep
    • Act out dreams
  • Genetic component
  • Neurodegenerative
  • Usually treated by clonazepam
59
Q

Slow-Wave Sleep Maladaptive Behaviors

A
  • Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis)
  • Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
  • Night terrors (pavor nocturnus)
60
Q

Sleep- Related Eating Disorder

A

Disorder in which person leaves his/ her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without memory
- Usually responds well to DAergic agonists or topiramate (antiseizure medication)

61
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process

- some are passive responses to changes in illumination

62
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Stimulus (usually light of dawn) that resents biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms

63
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Nucleus situatioed atop optic chiasm that contains biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of body’s circadian rhythms

- Receive light info from environment and uses it to entrain behaviors to 24-hour light/dark cycle
- Provides primary control over timing of sleep cycles
64
Q

Visual system projects from […] to […] via […]

A

Visual system projects from retina to SCN via retinohypothalamic pathway

65
Q

[…] provide info about ambient light levels that synchronizes circadian rhythms

A

Melanopsin

66
Q

Melanopsin

A

Photopigment present in ganglion cells in retina whose axons transmit info to SCN, the thalamus, and olivary pretectal nuclei

67
Q

Efferent axons of SCN terminate in […]

A

Subparaventricular zone (SPZ)

- Projections to vIPOA are inhibitory and inhibit sleep
- Projections to orexinergic neurons are excitatory and promote wakefulness
  • SCN can also control rhythms by secretion of chemicals that diffuse through the brain
68
Q

Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome

A

4 hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temporary cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of gene (per2) involved in rhythmicity of neurons of SCN

69
Q

Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome

A

4 hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temporary cycles, possibly caused by mutation of gene (per3) involved in rhythmicity of neurons of SCN

70
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone secreted by pineal gland at night in response to input from SCN

71
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Gland attached to dorsal tectum

- produces melatonin and plays role in circadian and seasonal rhythms

72
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

A

Possibility of dreaming while lying awake, paralyzed

73
Q

Shift Work and Jet Lag

A

Internal circadian rhythms controlled by SCN become desynchronized with the external environment

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