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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 13: Learning And Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Learning And Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulus-Response Learning

A

Learning to automatically make particular stimulus

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2
Q

Conditioning

A

Learning from exposures to stimuli to produce lasting change in behavior

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

When stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by unconditioned stimulus that produces a defensive or appetitive response (the unconditioned response), the first stimulus (now a conditioned stimulus) itself evokes response (now closed conditioned response)

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4
Q

Hebb Rule

A

Hypothesis proposed by Donald Herb that cellular basis of learning involved strengthening of synapse that is repeatedly active when postsynaptic neuron fires

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5
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning procedure whereby effects of particular behavior in particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) probability of the behavior

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6
Q

Reinforcing Stimulus

A

Appetitive stimulus that follows particular behavior and thus makes behavior become more frequent

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7
Q

Punishing Stimulus

A

Aversive stimulus that follows particular behavior and thus makes behavior become less frequent

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8
Q

Motor Learning

A

Learning to make new response

- Establishes changes within motor systems following a stimulus
- Requires sensory guidance from environment
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9
Q

Perceptual Learning

A

Learning to recognize particular stimulus

- Each of out sensory systems is capable of perceptual learning

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10
Q

Relational Learning

A

Learning the relationships among individual stimuli

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11
Q

Episodic Learning

A

Remembering sequences of events that we witness- requires us to keep track of and remember not only individual events, but also order in which they occur

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12
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Initial sensation of environmental stimuli is initially remembered

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13
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

If info is meaningful or salient enough to be passed from sensory memory —> STM

- Second- minutes
- Length of STM can be extended through rehearsal
- Chunking- grouping pieces of info together
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14
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Info that will be retained from STM is consolidated into LTM

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15
Q

Nondeclarative Memory

A

Memory whose formation does not depend on hippocampal formation

- Collective term for perceptual, stimulus- response, and motor memory
- Memories that we aren’t necessarily conscious of
- Operate automatically
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16
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in person’s past

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17
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory of collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by particular context
- Must be learned all at once

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18
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory of facts and general info

- Can be acquired gradually, over time

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19
Q

Information about CS reaches […]

A

Information about CS reaches lateral nucleus of amygdala

- Contains neurons whose axons project to central nucleus

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20
Q

When individual encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in lateral nucleus —>

A

Neurons in this nucleus begin firing, which activates neurons in central nucleus, evoking an unlearned emotional response

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21
Q

Changes in […] using Glu are responsible for LTP

A

Changes in lateral amygdala using Glu are responsible for LTP

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22
Q

2 major pathways between sensory and motor associations cortex

A
  • Direct transcortical connections

- Connections via basal ganglia and thalamus

23
Q

Direct transcortical connections

A

Involved in acquiring episodic memories

24
Q

Connections via basal ganglia and thalamus

A
  • As learned behaviors become automatic and routing, they’re transferred to basal ganglia
  • Neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) receives info from all regions of cerebral cortex
  • Outputs of caudate and putamen —> globes pallidus —> frontal cortex and primary motor cortex
25
Q

Mesolimbic system of DAergic neurons begins in […] projects rostrally to amygdala, hippocampus, and […]

A

Mesolimbic system of DAergic neurons begins in VTA projects rostrally to amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens

26
Q

VTA

A

Group of DAerigic neurons in ventral midbrain whose axons from mesolimbic and mesocortical systems
- Plays role in critical role in reinforcement

27
Q

Nucleus Accumbens (NAc)

A

Nucleus of basal forebrain near septum
- Receives DA-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of VTA and is thought to be involved in reinforcement and attention

28
Q

Reinforcement system must perform 2 functions:

A
  • Detect presence of reinforcing stimulus

- Strengthen connections between neurons that detect specific stimulus and neurons that produce response

29
Q

Ventral premotor cortex

A

Home to mirror neurons that facilitate motor learning when observing someone else

30
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbances

- Can be caused by damage to temporal lobes

31
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbances to the brain

32
Q

H.M. Deficit conclusions

A
  1. Hippocampus is not location of LTM or necessary for retrieval of LTM
  2. Hippocampus isn’t location of immediate (short-term) memories
  3. Hippocampus is involved in converting immediate (short-term) memories into LTM
33
Q

Consolidation

A

Process of which STM are converted into LTM

34
Q

Hippocampal Formation

A

Forebrain structure of temporal lobe, constituting an important part of limbic system
- Includes hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyros, and subiculum

35
Q

Place Cell

A

Neuron that becomes active when animal is in particular location in environment
- Different neurons had different spatial receptive field

36
Q

Grid cells

A

Show evenly spaced, crystal-like coverage of entire environment in which animal is located

37
Q

Border cells

A

Fire when animal is near one or more boundaries of environment

38
Q

Head direction cells

A

Fire when head is facing particular direction with respect to distant cues in particular environment

39
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Long-term increase in excitability of neuron to particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity of that input

40
Q

Induction of LTP

A

Perfornant path —> dentate gyrus —> Entorhinal cortex

41
Q

Population EPSP

A

Evoked potential that represents EPSPs of population of neurons
- Size of first population EPSP indicates strength of synaptic connection before LTP takes place

42
Q

NMDA Receptors

A

Specialized ionotropic Glu receptor that control Ca2+ channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions
- Involved in LTP

43
Q

AP5

A

Drug that blocks NMDA-Rs

44
Q

Threshold of excitation for […] is really high

A

Threshold of excitation for dendritic spikes is really high

- Whenever axon of pyramidal cell fires, all dendritic spines become depolarized for brief time
- If dendritic spike are blocked by tetrodotoxin, LTP doesn’t occur
45
Q

Dendritic Spikes

A

AP that occurs in dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells

46
Q

Associative Long-Term Potentiation

A

LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to given neurons strengthen weak ones

47
Q

AMPA Receptors

A

Ionotropic Glu-R that controls Na+ channel

- When open, it produced EPSPs

48
Q

CaM-KII

A

Type II calcium- calmodulin kinase, an enzyme that must be activated by calcium
- Starts movement of AMPA-R to postsynaptic membrane

49
Q

Presynaptic Changes

A
  • Nitric oxide (NO) can communicate retrograde messages from one cell to another
  • Nitric oxide synthase
50
Q

Nitric Oxide Synthase

A
  • Enzyme responsible for production of NO

- Found in dentate gyrus and fields CA1 and CA3 of hippocampus

51
Q

Postsynaptic Changes

A
  • Establishment of LTP includes changes in size and shape of dendritic spines
    • Causes growth of new dendritic spines
52
Q

Protein Synthesis

A
  • Long-lasting LTP (L-LTP)
  • PKM-zeta helps move AMPA-Rs to terminal membrane and remains active to perpetuate this contribution to LTP through positive feedback loop
  • Long-term depression (LTD)
53
Q

Long-lasting LTP (L-LTP)

A

LTP that lasts more than a few hours and requires protein synthesis

54
Q

Long-term depression (LTD)

A

Induced by low-frequency stimulation and results in decreased synaptic strength and fewer AMPA-Rs in postsynaptic membrane

Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences (15 decks)

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