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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 3: Strucure Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Strucure Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A

Neurons, glia, and other supporting cells and floats in pool of cerebrospinal fluid

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2
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Clear fluid, similar to brain plasma that fills ventricular system of the brain and subarachnoid space surrounding brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Neuroaxis

A

Imaginary line drawn through center of length of CNS, from bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain

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4
Q

Rostral

A

“Toward the beak”

Front of face

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Located near or toward the head

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6
Q

Medial

A

Toward middle of body, away from side

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7
Q

Dorsal

A

“Toward of back”
Toward top of head or back
Perpendicular to neuroaxis

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8
Q

Caudal

A

“Toward the tail”

Away from front of face

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9
Q

Posterior

A

Located near or toward the tail

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10
Q

Ventral

A

“Toward the belly”

Bottom of skull or front surface of the body

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Toward side of body, away from middle

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12
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Located on the same side of the body

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13
Q

Contralateral

A

Located on opposite side of body

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14
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outermost later of gray matter of cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

3 ways of slice human nervous system

A
  1. Coronal
  2. Parallel
  3. Perpendicular
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16
Q

Coronal

A

Cut to middle to divide brain into front and back halves

- Frontal Sections

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17
Q

Frontal Sections

A

Slice through Brian parallel to forehead

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18
Q

Parallel sections

A

Cut to divide brain into top half and bottom half

- Horizontal Section

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19
Q

Horizontal Sections

A

Slice through brain parallel to ground

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20
Q

Perpendicular sections

A

Aka sagital section

- Midsagittal plane

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21
Q

Sagital section

A

Slice through brain parallel to neuroaxis and perpendicular to ground

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22
Q

Midsaggital Plane

A

Divides brain into two symmetrical left and right halves

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23
Q

3 layers of meninges in CNS

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid membrane
  3. Pia mater
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24
Q

Dura mater

A

Outermost of meninges

Tough and flexible

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25
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

Middle later of meninges, located between outer dura mater and inner pia mater

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26
Q

Pia mater

A

Layer of meninges that clings to surface of brain

Thin and delicate

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27
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Fluid-filled space that cushions brain

- in between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

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28
Q

PNS meninges

A

Only has dura mater and pia mater

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29
Q

Ventricle

A

One of hollow spaces within the brain, filled with CSF

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30
Q

Lateral Ventricle

A

One of two ventricles located in center of telencephalon

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31
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Ventricle located in center of diencephalon

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32
Q

Massa Intermedia

A

Bridge of neural tissue that crosses through middle of third ventricle

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33
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Narrow tube interconnecting third and fourth ventricles of brain, located in center of mesencephalon

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34
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

Ventricle located between cerebellum and dorsal pons, in centerof metencephalon

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35
Q

CSF is made up of […]

A

Choroid plexus

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36
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Highly vascular tissue that protrudes into ventricles and produces CSF

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37
Q

Arachnoid Granulation

A

Small projections of arachnoid membrane through dura mater into superior sagital sinus

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38
Q

Forebrain

A

Lateral: Telencephalon: Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System

Third: Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus

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39
Q

Midbrain

A

Cerebral Aqueduct: Mesencephalon: tectum, tegmentum

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40
Q

Hindbrain

A

Fourth: Metencephalon: Cerebellum, pons

Fourth: Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata

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41
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Surrounds cerebral hemispheres; aka gray matter

  • primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex
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42
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Group of subcortical nuclei in telencephalon, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen

  • importnat parts of motor system
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43
Q

Limbic System

A

Group of brain regions including anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles

  • also consists of fornix and mammillary bodies
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44
Q

Fornix

A

Connects hippocampus with other parts of brain

45
Q

Thalamus

A

Contains nuclei that project specific info to specific regions of cerebral cortex and receive info from it

  • lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, and ventrolateral nucleus
46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in regulations of ANS, control of anterior and posterior pituitary glands and integration of species- typical behaviors

  • right behind optic chiasm
47
Q

Tectum

A

Includes superior colliculi (visual system) and inferior colliculi (auditory system)

48
Q

Tegmentum

A

Includes nuclei controlling eye movements, PAG (pain sensation), red nucleus, substantia nigra, VTA and reticular formation

49
Q

Cerebellum

A

Covered by cerebellar cortex and has set of deep cerebellar nuclei
- receive projections from cerebellar cortex and send projections out of cerebellum to other parts of brain

  • attached to dorsal surface of pons by superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
  • integrates info and modifies motor outflow
50
Q

Pons

A

Important in sleep and arousal

  • relays info from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
51
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Contains part of reticular formation, incliding nuclei that control vital function such as regulation of cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone

52
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

One of two major portions of forebrain, covered by cerbral cortex

53
Q

Cerebrum

A

Consists of two cerbral hemispheres

54
Q

Subcortical Regions

A

Regions located within brain, beneath cortical surface

55
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove in surface of cerebral hemisphere, smaller than fissure

56
Q

Fissure

A

Major groove in surface of brain, longer than sulcus

57
Q

Gyrus

A

Convolution of cortex of cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures

58
Q

Calcarine Fissure

A

Fissure in occipital lobe on medial surface of brain

- most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

59
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

Fissure that separates temporal lobe from overlying frontal and parietal lobes

60
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Sulcus that separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

61
Q

Insular Cortex

A

Sunken region of cerebral cortex that is normally covered by rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe

  • Sensory info and emotinal valence
62
Q

Sensory Assocaition Cortex

A

Regions of cerebral cortex that receive info from regions of primary sensory cortex

63
Q

Motor Association Cortex

A

Region of frontal lobe rostral to primary motor cortex

64
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Region of frontal lobe rostral to motor association cortex

65
Q

Nucleus

A

Identifiable group of neural cell bodies in CNS

66
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Receives fibers from retina and projects fibers to primary visual cortex

67
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Recieves fibers from auditory system and projects fibers to primary auditory cortex

68
Q

Ventrolateral Nucleus

A

Nucleus of thalamus that receives input from cerebellum and sends axons to primary motor cortex

69
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by hypothalamic hormones

70
Q

Neurosecretary Cell

A

Neuron that secretes hormone or hormone-like substance

71
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland that contained hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within hypothalamus

  • produces and secretes oxytocin and vasopressin
72
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Large network of neural tissue located in central region of brain stem

73
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

Surrounds cerebral aqueduct

  • contains neural circuits involved in species- typical behaviors
74
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Receives input from cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in spinal cord

75
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Darkly stained region of tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with caudate nucleus and putamen in basal ganglia

76
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Composed of vertal column with 24 individual vertebrae and spinal roots

77
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers

- larger than ventral root
78
Q

Ventral Root

A

Spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent) motor fibers

79
Q

Spinal Root

A

Bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form spinal nerve

80
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Bundle of spinal roots located caudal to end of spinal cord

81
Q

Caudal Block

A

Anesthesia and paralysis of lower part of body produced by injection of local anesthetic into CSF surrounding cauda equina

82
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Peripheral nerves attach directly to brain

  • 12 pairs

Ex. Vagus nerve

83
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Protrusion at end of olfactory nerve

- receives input from olfactory receptors

84
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Peripheral nerve attached to spinal cord
- nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they innervate (or supply), branching repeatedly as they go

85
Q

Afferent Axon

A

Axon directed toward CNS, conveying senory info

86
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

Nodule on dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons

87
Q

Efferent Axon

A

Axon directed away from CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

88
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of PNS that controls movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory info to CNS

89
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Portion of PNS that controls body’s vegetative functions

90
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Portion of ANS that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy

91
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

A

Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system

92
Q

Sympathetic Ganglion Chain

A

One pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to vertebral column

93
Q

Preganglionic Neuron

A

Efferent neuron of ANS whose cell body is located in cranial nerve nucleus or immediate horn of spinal gray matter and whose terminrla buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia

94
Q

Postganglionic Neuron

A

Neurons of ANS that form synapses directly with target organ

95
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Portion of ANS that controls functions that occur during relaxed state

96
Q

The brain floats in a bath of […] within the […]

A

The brain floats in a bath of CSF within the subarachnoid space

97
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe

98
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

the region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe

99
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes

100
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

region of cerebral cortex causal to the parietal and temporal lobes

101
Q

Sensory Cortex

A

Telencephalon: primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex

102
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

receives visual information

- region of posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system

103
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

receives auditory information

- the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system

104
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

receives information from the body senses except olfaction and gustation
- the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

105
Q

Lateralization in the Cerebral Cortex

A

some functions of cerebral hemispheres are lateralized

  - Left: analyzes info
  - Right: synthesizes info
106
Q

Tentorium

A

tent-shaped duplicated fold of meningeal dura

107
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

protrusions on top of the midbrain

- part of visual system

108
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

protrusions on top of the midbrain

- part of auditory system

109
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

regulates functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences (15 decks)

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