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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Study of effects of drugs on nervous system and behavior

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2
Q

Drugs

A

Exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular functioning that significantly alters functions of certain cells of body when taken in relative low doses

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3
Q

Drug Effects

A

Observable changes in individual’s physiology and/ or behavior

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4
Q

Sites of Action

A

Location where drug molecules interact with molecules on or in cells to affect biochemical processes

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5
Q

Absorption

A

Drug is administered and absorbed through tissue

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6
Q

Distribution

A

Drug is distributed throughout blood and body

  • Rate at which drug reaches sites of action is based on lipid solubility
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7
Q

Lipid Solubility

A

Ability of fat-based molecules to pass through cell membranes

Ex. Heroin is more lipid- soluble than morphine

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8
Q

Metabolism

A

Drug is changed to inactive form by enzymes (usually in liver)

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9
Q

Excretion

A

Drug is excreted in urine by kidneys

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10
Q

Intravenous (IV) Injection

A

Injection of substance directly into brain

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11
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection

A

Injection of substance into peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

Intramuscular (IM) Injection

A

Injection of substance into muscle

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13
Q

Subcutaneous (SC) Injection

A

Injection of substance into space beneath skin

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14
Q

Oral Administration

A

Administration of substance into mouth so that it is swallowed

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15
Q

Sublingual Administration

A

Administration of substance by placing in beneath tongue

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16
Q

Inhalation

A

Administration of vaporous substance into lungs

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17
Q

Topical Administration

A

Administration of substance directly onto skin or mucous membrane

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18
Q

Insufflation

A

Administration of substance by sniffing or snorting

  • drug is absorbed through mucous membranes of nose
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19
Q

Dose Response Curve

A

Graph of magnitude of effect of drug as function of amount of drug administered

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20
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Ratio between dose that produces desired effects in 50% of animals and dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of animals

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21
Q

Drugs vary in effectiveness because of:

A
  • site of action

- affinity of drug with site of action

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22
Q

Drug Affinity

A

Readiness with which two molecules join together
- most desirable drug has high affinity for sites of action producing therapeutic effects and low affinity for sites of action producing toxic side effects

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23
Q

Opiates have more than one effect

A
  • Analgesia

- Depress heart rate and respiration

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24
Q

Tolerance

A

Decrease in effectiveness of drug that is administered repeatedly

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25
Q

Sensitization

A

Increase in effectiveness of drug that is administered repeatedly

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26
Q

Withdrawal Symptom

A

Appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by drugs when drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken

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27
Q

Physical Dependence

A

Compensatory changes following repeated use of drug that results in withdrawal symptoms when drug is no longer taken

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28
Q

Compensatory mechanisms that come with repeated drug use:

A

Decrease in effectiveness of binding

- Receptors become less sensitive
- Receptor downregulation

Coupling process between receptors to ion channels or production of 2nd messengers is less effective

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29
Q

Receptor Downregulation

A

Decreased number of receptors

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30
Q

Placebo Effects

A

An inert substance that is given to organism instead of psychologically active drug

  • used experimentally to control for effects of mere administration of drug
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31
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug that opposes/ inhibits effects of particular NT on postsynaptic cell

  • drug inactivates enzymes used to synthesize NTs
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32
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that facilitates effects of particular NT on postsynaptic cell

  • rate of synthesis and release of NT increases when precursor is administered
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33
Q

Antagonist Effects on Storage and Release of NTs

A
  • Transporter molecules that fill synaptic vesicles are capable of being blocked by drugs
  • Prevent release of NTs from termonal buttons
    • Deactivate proteins that cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
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34
Q

Direct Agonist

A

Drug that binds with and activates a receptor

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35
Q

Direct Antagonist

A
  • Receptor blocker
  • Drug that binds with receptor but doesn’t activate it
    • Prevents natural ligand from binding with receptor
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36
Q

Noncompetitve Binding

A

Binding of drug to site on receptor

- Doesn’t interfere with binding site for principle ligand

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37
Q

Indirect Antagonist

A

Drug that attaches to binding site on receptor and interferes with action of receptor
- Doesn’t interfere with binding site for principal ligand

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38
Q

Indirect Agonist

A

Drug that attaches to binding site on receptor and facilitates action of receptor
- Doesn’t interfere with binding site for principal ligand

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39
Q

Agonist Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of NTs

A
  • Molecules of drug attach to transporter molecules that are responsible for reuptake and inactivate them
  • Molecules of drug bind with enzymes that normally deactivate NT and prevents enzymes from working
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40
Q

Glutamate

A

Most important excitatory NT in brain

  • found in all neurons except pain neurons (produce substance P)
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41
Q

Vesicle Glutamate Transporter

A

Protein in vesicle membrane that pump Glu into vesicle

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42
Q

NMDA Receptor

A

Specialized ionotropic Glu-R that controls Ca2+ channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions
- has several other binding sites (Glu and Gly co-agonists)

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43
Q

AMPA Receptor

A

Ionotropic Glu-R that controls Na+ channel

- stimulated by AMPA

44
Q

Kainate Receptor

A

Ionotropic Glu-R that controls Na+ channel

- stimulated by kainic acid

45
Q

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor

A

Category of metabotropic receptors that are sensitive to Glu

46
Q

PCP

A

Drug that binds with PCP binding site of NMDA receptor and serves as indirect antagonist

47
Q

Ketamine

A

Drug that binds with noncompetitive binding site of NMDA-R and serves as an indirect antagonist

48
Q

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter

A

Proteins that remove Glu from synapse

49
Q

Glutamine Synthase

A

Enzyme that breaks Glu—>Gln

50
Q

Glutamate Excitotoxicity

A

Toxic overstimulation of postsynaptic cell by excess Glu

51
Q

GABA

A

Most important inhibitory NT in brain

52
Q

Vesicle GABA Transporter

A

Proteins in vesicle membrane that pump GABA into vesicle

53
Q

GABAa Receptors

A
  • Ionotropic
  • Control Cl- channels
  • Contain 5 binding sites
  • Antagonist: picrotoxin
  • Can be excitatory if [Cl-] is higher in cell than out
54
Q

GABA Transporter

A

Proteins that remove GABA from synapse

55
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Primary NT secreted by axons of PNS that terminate at muscle cells to control muscle contraction
- CNDS= Facilitates learning, Memory, and Sleep

56
Q

3 ACh pathways in CNS

A
  1. Dorsolateral pons- REM sleep
  2. Basal forebrain- activate cerebral cortex and facilitate learning (especially perceptual learning)
  3. Medial septum- control electrical rhythms of hippocampus and modulate functions
57
Q

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

A

Transfers acetate ion from acetyl CoA to choline

58
Q

Vesicle ACh Transporter

A

Proteins in vesicle membrane that pump ACh into vesicle

59
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

ACh antagonist

- Prevents release by terminal buttons

60
Q

2 types of ACh receptors

A
  1. Nicotinic- ionotropic and agonist is nicotine

2. Muscarinic- metabotropic and agonist is muscarine

61
Q

ACh deactivated by […]

A

ACh deactivated by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

  • Neostigmine
  • AChE inhibitors used to treat myasthenia gravis
62
Q

Neostigmine

A

Inhibits activity of AChE

63
Q

Monoamines

A

Indolamine- serotonin

Catecholamine- dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

64
Q

Dopamine Functions

A

Movement, attention, learning, reinforcing drug effects, planning, problem solving

65
Q

Dopamine pathways

A
  • Nigrostriatal System
  • Mesolimbic System
  • Mesocortical System
66
Q

Nigrostriatal System

A

System of neurons originating in substantia nigra and terminatingin neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
- degeneration causes Parkinson’s disease

67
Q

Mesolimbic System

A

System of DAergic neurons originating in VTA and terminating in NAcc, amygdala, and hippocampus

68
Q

Mesocortical System

A

System of DAergic neurons in VTA and terminating in PFC

69
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements)

70
Q

Vesicle Monoamine Transporter

A

Proteins in vesicle membrane that pump monoamine NTs into vesicle

71
Q

Dopamine Receptors

A

Most common: D1-type (D1, D4, D5)

Autoreceptor: D2- type (D2, D3)

72
Q

Apomorphine

A

Drug that blocks DA-AR at low doses

- At high doses, blocks postsynaptic receptors as well

73
Q

DA Transporter

A

Proteins that remove DA from synapse

74
Q

Amphetamine

A

Antagonist at DA and NE transporters that cause them to run in reverse, releasing NTs into synapse

75
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Antagonist at DA and NE transporters that cause them to run in reverse, releasing NTs into synapse

76
Q

Cocaine

A

Drug that inhibits reuptake of DA

77
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Drug that inhibits reuptake of DA

78
Q

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A

Class of enzynmes that destroy monoamines

79
Q

Norepinephrine

A

NT found in brain and sympathetic division of ANS

  - CNS= vigilance - cell bodies in pons. medulla, one region of thalamus
80
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla

-CNS= vigilance

81
Q

Most important noradrenergic system begin in […]

A

Most important noradrenergic system begin in locus coeruleus

82
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

Dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in pons near rostral end of flood of fourth ventricles

83
Q

Most neurons that release NE don’t go through terminal buttons on ends of axonal branches

A

Release through axonal varicosity

84
Q

Axonal Varicosity

A

Enlarged region along length of axon that contains synaptic vesicles and releases a NT or neuromodulator

85
Q

Norepinephrine Receptors

A

GPCRs: a1-, a2, B1, B2- adrenergic receptors

- found in neurons in CNS and various organs of body

86
Q

Norepinephrine Transporter

A

Proteins that remove NE from synapse

- Excess NE in the terminal buttons is deactivated by MAOA

87
Q

5-HT Receptors

A
  • 9 types
  • Autoreceptor: 5-HT1A
  • All are metabotropic except 5-HT3 (ionotropic; Cl- channel)
88
Q

Serotonin Transporter

A

Proteins that remove 5-HT from synapse

89
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Drug that inhibits reuptake of 5-HT

90
Q

MDMA

A

Drug that serves as NA and 5-HT agonist

- aka ecstasy
- excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
91
Q

Histamine

A
  • Found in tuberomammillary nucleus
  • Plays important role in stimulating wakefulness in CNS
  • PNS: immune response
  • Receptors: H1, H2, H3, H4
    • Diphenhydramine
92
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

Antihistamine drug

- antagonist at histamine receptors

93
Q

Peptides

A
  • Produced in soma
  • Terminal buttons release peptides in conjunction with classical NT
    • Regulated sensitivity of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors
  • Released from all parts of terminal buttons
  • Deactivated by enzymes

ex. Endogenous opioid

94
Q

Endogenous Opioids

A

Class of peptides secreted by brain that acts as opiates

- opium, morphine, heroin, oxycodone, enkephalin

95
Q

Opioid Receptors

A

Mu, delta, kappa

96
Q

Methadone

A

Agonist for opiate receptor

97
Q

Naloxone

A

Drug that blocks opiate receptors

98
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Endogenous ligand for cannabinoid- R, binds THC
- Synchronized on demand

CNS: Appetite regulation
PNS: immune response

99
Q

THC

A

Active ingredient in MJ

  • activates CB1-R—> analgesic effects
100
Q

Endocannabinoid Receptors

A

CB1 and CB2

- both metabotropic

101
Q

Anadamide is deactivated by […]

A

Anadamide is deactivated by FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase)

102
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted

103
Q

Agonist Effects on Storage and Release of NTs

A

bind with proteins and trigger release of NTs

104
Q

Serotonin

A 
CNS= mood regulation, eating, sleep, dreaming, arousal, impulse control
PNS= involved in enteric nervous system
  • located in raphe nulcei of midbrain, pons, and medull
  • Released from varicosities
105
Q

Opioid Function

A

CNS: reinforcement, pain modulation
PNS: pain modulation

106
Q

Glycine

A

inhibitory NT in spinal cord and lower brain stem

107
Q

Enkephalin

A

one type of endogenous opioids

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