Chapter 1: Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience

Question 1

Plasticity

Answer 1

in the nervous system. this refers to change, flexibility, or adaptations,usually in response to an experience or learning

Question 2

Neurons

Answer 2

• nerve cell

- information processing and info-transmitting cells of nervous system

Question 3

Neurogenesis

Answer 3

production of new neurons through the division of neural stem cells

• occurs in hippocampus and olfactory bulb and appear to play role in learning

Question 4

Generalization

Answer 4

general conclusion based on many observations of similar phenomena

Question 5

Reduction

Answer 5

phenomenon is described in terms of more elementary processes that underlie it

Question 6

Dualism

Answer 6

belief that body is physical but the mind (soul) is not

Question 7

Monism

Answer 7

belief that world consists only of matter and energy and that mind is phenomenon produced by workings of nervous system

Question 8

Ancient World

Answer 8

Galen- all nerves are connected to the brain

Question 9

17th Century

Answer 9

Descartes

Galvani

Question 10

Descartes

Answer 10

mind controlled movements of body, while the body using (sense organs) supplies mind with info about what was happening in environment

*Reflex

Question 11

Reflex

Answer 11

automatic, stereotyped movement that is produced as direct result of stimulus

Question 12

Galvani

Answer 12

ability of muscle to contract and ability of nerve to send message to muscle were characteristics of tissues

Question 13

19th Century

Answer 13

Muller
Flourens
Broca
Ramon Santiago y Cajon

Question 14

Muller

Answer 14

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

Question 15

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Answer 15

because all nerve fibers carry the same type of message, sensory information must be specified by the particular nerve fibers that are active

• brain must be functionally divided (some parts of brain perform some functions, while other parts perform others)
• messages occur in different channels

Question 16

Flourens

Answer 16

experimental ablation (removing various parts of brain and observing what they can do

Question 17

Broca

Answer 17

used experimental ablation to determine Broca’s area

Question 18

Ramon Santiago y Cajal

Answer 18

Golgi staining techniques to examine individual neurons of brain

• proposed that nervous system had billions of discrete individual neurons

Question 19

Epigenetics

Answer 19

changes to gene expression induced by environmental factors

Question 20

Functionalism

Answer 20

principle that best way to understand a biological phenomenon (behavior or physiological structure) is to try to understand its useful functions for the organism

Question 21

Natural Selection

Answer 21

process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage (increases animal’s likelihood to live and reproduce) become more prevalent in population

Question 22

Mutation

Answer 22

change in genetic info contained in chromosomes of sperm or eggs, which can be passed on to an organism’s offspring

• provides genetic variability

Question 23

Selective Advantage

Answer 23

characteristic of an organism that permits it to produce more than the average number of offspring of its species

Question 24

Evolution

Answer 24

gradual change in structure and physiology of plant and animal species- generally producing more complex organisms- as a result of natural selection

Question 25

Research with animals

Answer 25

we can’t make further progress in understanding and treating diseases without using animals

Question 26

Informed Consent

Answer 26

process in which researchers must inform any potential participant about the nature of research study, how any data will be collected and stored, and what anticipated benefits and costs of participating will be

Question 27

Neuroethics

Answer 27

interdisciplinary field devoted to understanding implication of and developing best practices in ethics for neuroscience research

Question 28

Behavioral Neuroscientists

Answer 28

study behavioral phenomena with experiments on lab animals

- understand the physiology of behavior

Question 29

Neurology

Answer 29

diagnosis and treatment of nervous system diseases

Question 30

Cognitive Neuroscience

Answer 30

specialized training in principles and procedures of neurology