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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 14: Human Communication > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Human Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Aphasia

A

Disturbance in the comprehension or production of language
- caused by brain damage

- Broca’s aphasia
- Wernicke’s aphasia
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2
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Important in language production

- left frontal lobe

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3
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Important in language comprehension

- left temporal gyrus

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4
Q

Left Hemisphere in language

A

Controls comprehension and production

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5
Q

Right hemisphere in language

A

Controls activities like reading maps, perceiving spatial relations, recognizing complex geometrical forms, organizing a narrative, the expressions and recognition of emotion in the tone of voice and prosody

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6
Q

Split-Brain Operation

A

Brain surgery that is occasionally performed to treat a form of epilepsy
- Surgeon cuts corpus callosum, which connects two hemispheres of brain

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7
Q

Factors in language production

A

Occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes of brain are involved in perceptions of current and past events

- involves brain mechanisms in posterior part of cerebral hemispheres 
- Largely responsible for having something to say and ability to tell story about it
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8
Q

Factors in Language Comprehension

A
  • Recognizing words may be auditory or visual
  • Comprehension involves recognition of word using Wernicke’s area in the left temporal lobe in auditory association cortex
    • Must also understand the meanings of words and memories associated with them
  • Comprehension of figurative aspects of language involves right hemisphere
    • Metaphors (right superior temporal cortex), proverbs, moral stories
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9
Q

Bilingualism

A

Ability to communicate fluently in two languages

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10
Q

Bilingualism Brain Structures

A
  • Common and language-specific areas found in the frontal and posterior temporal/parietal cortexes
  • Language- specific areas found in some subcortical structures
  • Density of grey matter and increased density in left parietal cortex of bilingual compared to monolingual individuals
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11
Q

Prosody

A

Rhythmic, emphatic, and melodic aspects of speech - important means of communication of emotion

- Function of the right hemisphere
- likely related to musical skills, expression and recognition of emotions
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12
Q

Prosody: Broca’s area

A

Can cause deficits in prosody

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13
Q

Prosody: Wernicke’s area

A

Prosody is unaffected

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14
Q

Recognition of People’s Voices

A
  • Regions of right hemispheres are involved in recognizing specific voices
    • Phonagnosia
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15
Q

Phonagnosia

A

Caused by damage to parietal lobe or anterior superior temporal cortex

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16
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Caused by damage to frontal lobes: produces agrammatism, anomia, articulation difficulties

- Can comprehend language better than produce it
- Difficulty in using function words
- Reliance on context words - Can also be caused by lesions of the basal ganglia
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17
Q

Agrammatism

A

Difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices

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18
Q

Anomia

A

Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe subject, action, or attribute

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19
Q

Function words

A

Preposition, article, or other word that conveys little meaning of sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure

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20
Q

Content Words

A

Noun, verb, adjective, adverb that conveys meaning

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21
Q

Broca’s Aphasia Physiology

A
  • Includes damage to underlying subcortical white matter, bundles of axons
  • Motor memories- of the sequences of muscular movements that are needed to articulate words
  • Basal ganglia involvement- especia;;y head of caudate nucleus
  • Broca’s area has projections to primary motor cortex
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22
Q

Speech Production in Broca’s Area

A

Contains motor memories

- Memories of sequences of muscular movements that are needed to articulate words
- Damage to inferior caudal left frontal lobe disrupts ability to articulate words, this region is likely candidate for talking
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23
Q

Speech Production: Articulation Difficulties

A
  • Individuals with Broca’s aphasia also have difficulty in articulation
  • Broca’s patients recognize that pronunciation is incorrect and try to correct it
  • Pronunciation of words caused activation of left anterior insula
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24
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia caused by damage to Wernicke’s area in the left hemisphere and the posterior language area

- Afflicted individuals seem unaware of deficits - Poor language comprehension and production of meaningless speech - People use few content words and words strung together don’t make sense
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25
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia Abilities Disrupted

A
  • Recognition of speaking words
  • Comprehension of meaning of words
  • Ability of convert thoughts into words
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26
Q

Pure Word Deafness

A

Ability to hear, speak, and usually to read and write without being able to comprehend meaning of speech

  • Can recognize emotion by intonation of speech, but can’t understand what is being said
    • Speech deficit is restricted only to recognition of spoken words
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27
Q

Wernicke Speech Sounds

A

Location of memories of sequences of sounds that constitute words
- Auditory association cortex of superior temporal gyrus recognized sounds of words

- Left Hemisphere: rapidly changing complex sounds
- Right Hemisphere: more slowly changing components, like melody
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28
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons activated when we either perform an action or see action performed by someone else

  • Speech: temporal and frontal cortical language areas were activated
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29
Q

Posterior Language Area

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

  • Lateral fissure, near junction of temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes
    • Place for interchanging info between auditory representation of words and meaning of words and meaning of words, stored as memories in rest of sensory associations cortex
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30
Q

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

A

Caused by damage to the posterior language area

- patients can’t understand the meanings of words but can repeat them

31
Q

Anomia Aphasia

A

Fluent and grammatical and good comprehension, but they have difficulty finding appropriate words

- Posterior lesions
- Circumlocution
32
Q

Circumlocution

A

Strategy by which people with anomia find alternative wats to say something when they are unable to think of most appropriate word

33
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A
  • Fluent and meaningful speech with good comprehension, but very poor repetition
  • Caused by damage to arcuate fascículus
  • Second pathway, between the posterior language area and Broca’s area, is indirect and is based on the meaning of words, not on the sounds they make
34
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Suggests direct connection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area

35
Q

[…] connects Broca’s area with […]

A

Anterior segment connected Broca’s area with inferior parietal cortex

36
Q

[…] connects Wernicke’s area with […]

A

Posterior segment connects Wernicke’s area with inferior parietal cortex

37
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

The arcuate fascículos is responsible for a phonological loop

38
Q

Conduction Aphasia Deaf Individuals

A

Use of narrative devices such as facial expressions or movements of heads, eyes, and body, inferior frontal cortex and superior temporal cortex of right hemisphere were activated in edition to expected language regions of left hemisphere

39
Q

Sign Language

A
  • Expressed by movements of the hands; most common form of ASL
  • Left hemisphere plays more important role (as it does in spoken language)
  • Role of mirror neurons
40
Q

Stuttering

A
  • Characterized by pauses, prolongation of sounds or repetitions of sounds, syllables or words that disrupts normal flow of speech
    • Influenced by genetic factors
    • Abnormal auditory feedback
  • Caused by abnormalities in neural mechanisms involved in planning and initiating speech
41
Q

Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms

A

Excessive activation of Broca’s area and insula (regions involved in articulation), supplementary motor area, and vermis of cerebellum, as well as absence of activation in auditory regions of temporal lobe

42
Q

Delayed auditory feedback

A

Procedure in which person wearing headphones tries to speak normally while hearing their own voice, which is delayed, usually by 50-200 msec

43
Q

Stuttering Physiology

A

Axons in white matter connect ventral premotor cortex with regions of superior temperal cortex and inferior parietal cortex that are involved in integrating planning of speech with auditory feedback from one’s own voice

44
Q

Reading and Writing

A
  • Brain damage can also produce reading and writing disorders
  • Aphasia usually accompanied by parallel reading and writing deficits
45
Q

Reading and Writing: Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Much difficulty reading and writing

46
Q

Reading and Writing: Broca’s aphasia

A

Comprehend what they read, but poor reading aloud

47
Q

Reading and Writing: Conduction aphasia

A

Generally have some difficulty reading (make semantic paraphasias)

48
Q

Reading and Writing: Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Read aloud accurately but might not comprehend

49
Q

Pure Alexia

A

Loss of ability to read without loss of ability to write

- Lesions in visual cortex of left occipital lobe and posterior end of corpus callosum

50
Q

Pure Alexia Symptoms

A
  • Perceptual disorder characterized by loss of ability to read without loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage
    • Can recognize words spelled aloud
  • Visual information prevented from reaching visual association cortex
    • Patients have difficulty with visual, not auditory, input
51
Q

Reading: Role of the Brain

A

Reading involves two processes

- Whole-word reading
- Phonetic reading

Study of dyslexias provided info about brain mechs involved in reading

- Acquired dyslexia
- Developmental dyslexia
52
Q

Whole-Word Reading

A

Reading by recognizing word as a whole

“Sight reading”

53
Q

Phonetic Reading

A

Reading by decoding phonetic significance of letter strings

“Sound reading”

54
Q

Dyslexia

A

Faulty reading

55
Q

Acquired Dyslexia

A

Damage to brains of people who know how to read

  • Surface dyslexia
  • Direct dyslexia
  • Phonological dyslexia
56
Q

Developmental Dyslexia

A

Difficulties when children are learning to read
- Reading difficulty in person of normal intelligence and perceptual ability

  • Involves more than deficits in reading
    • Phonological impairments
    • Difficulty in writing
    • Have difficulty blending or rearranging sounds of words that they hear
57
Q

Surface dyslexia

A

Reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by whole-word method

  • deficit in whole-word reading
58
Q

Direct dyslexia

A

Language disorder caused by brain damage in which person can read words aloud without understanding them

  • deficit in understanding written words
59
Q

Phonological dyslexia

A

Reading disorder in which person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable nonwords

  • deficit in sounding words out
60
Q

Visual Word-Form Area (VWFA)

A

Region of fusiforme gyrus on base of temporal lobe that plays critical role in whole-word recognition

  • Surrounds junction of inferior parietal lobe and superior temporal lobe
61
Q

VWFA plays a central role in […]

A

VWFA plays a central role in both phonological and whole-word reading

62
Q

VWFA: part of […] must be involved in perceiving written words

A

VWFA: part of visual association cortex must be involved in perceiving written words

63
Q

Damage to VWFA produces […]

A

Damage to VWFA produces surface dyslexia and impaired whole-word reading
- VWFA can recognize word even if it closely resembles another one

64
Q

Plasticity in VWFA

A
  • Written language is a recent invention
  • Brain plasticity allowed development of language and writing systems across many cultures
    • Fluency and literacy can develop quickly
    • Importance of constancy in visual system, such as ways lines meet at vertices
65
Q

Understanding of Reading

A
  • Reading skill is positively associated with activation of VWFA
  • Decreased activation in left temporoparietal cortex and in VWFA for dyslexics
  • Hyperactivation of left inferior frontal cortex and Broca’s area
66
Q

Role of Brain in Understanding of Writing

A
  • Dysgraphia is a writing disturbance, common with dyslexia
  • Many brain regions involved
    • Motor aspects involve the dorsal parietal cortex and premotor cortex
  • Brain damage can disrupt ability to form letters or impair ability to spell
67
Q

Skills Used in Writing

A
  • Audition
  • Vision
  • Memorization
  • Motor memory
68
Q

Audition

A

Sound recognition —> say—> read—>write

69
Q

Motor memory

A

Left cortex are uniquely involved in motor memory for typing

- Dystexia

70
Q

Dystexia

A

Deficits in motor memory for texting on cell phone

- Stroke affecting junction between left parietal and occipital lobes

71
Q

Neural Basis of Writing

A

Brain damage can impair writing

- Phonological dysgraphia 
- Orthographic dysgraphia
- Memory deficits

Direct dysgraphia is similar to direct dyslexia

72
Q

Phonological Dysgraphia

A

Writing disorder in which person cannot sound out words and write them phonetically
- Damage to Broca’s area, ventral pre central gyrus, and insula

73
Q

Orthographic Dysgraphia

A

Writing disorder in which person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones

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