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Advanced Principles Of Neural Sciences > Chapter 12: Ingestive Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Ingestive Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process by which the body’s substances and characteristics are maintained at their optimal level

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2
Q

Ingestive Behavior

A

Eating or drinking

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3
Q

Essential features of regulatory mechanism

A
  • System variable
  • Set point
  • Detector
  • Correctional mechanism
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4
Q

System variable

A

Variable that is controlled by regulatory mechanisms

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5
Q

Set Point

A

Optimal variable in regulatory mechanism

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6
Q

Detector

A

In regulatory process, mechanism that signals when system variable deviates from its set point

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7
Q

Correctional Mechanism

A

Mechanism that is capable of changes value of system variable

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8
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Process whereby effect produced by an action serves to diminish or terminate that action

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9
Q

Satiety Mechanism

A

Brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of nutrients or water
- Monitor activity of correctional mechanism, not system variables themselves

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10
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

Fluid contained within cells
- Losing intracellular water deprives cells of ability to perform many chemical reactions and gaining water can cause membrane to rupture

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11
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

All body fluids outside cells

- Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and CSF

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12
Q

Intravascular Fluid

A

Fluid within blood vessels

- Volume of intravascular fluid must be closely regulated because of mechanism of operation of heart

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13
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Reduction in volume of intravascular fluid

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14
Q

Osmometric Thirst

A

Thirst produced by an increase in osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid relative to intracellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through semipermeable membrane from region of low solute concentration to one high solute concentration

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16
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Neurons that detects changes in solute concentration of interstitial fluid that surrounds it
- Located in lamina terminalis

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17
Q

Lamina terminalis

A
  • Contains 2 specialized circumventricular organs: OVLT and SFO
  • Found in hypothalamus, in region that borders anteroventral tip of 3rd ventricle (AV3V)
  • Lack BBB
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18
Q

Volumetric Thirst

A
  • Thirst produced by hypovolemia
  • Involves loss of Na+ and water, volumetric thirst leads to salt appetite
  • Cells in kidney detect decreases in blood flow
  • In response to low blood volume, kidneys are responsible for presence of hormone angiotensin
  • Baroreceptor cells
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19
Q

Angiotensin

A

Peptide hormone that constricts blood vessels, causes retention of Na+ and water and produces thirst band salt appetite

- Causes kidneys to conserve water and salt and increases blood pressure
- Reduced blood flow to kidneys causes water and salt to be retained
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20
Q

Baroreceptor cells

A

Stretch sensitive and detect when blood volume in heart falls

- located in atria
- reduced blood flow to heart increases drinking and severing nerves to atrial baroreceptor decreases drinking
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21
Q

Cells in liver convert glucose into […] and it is stored, and are stimulated to do so by presence of […]

A

Cells in liver convert glucose into glycogen and it is stored, and are stimulated to do so by presence of insulin

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22
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide often referred to as animal starch

- stored in liver and muscle
- constitutes short-term store of nutrients
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23
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose and amino acids into cell, conversion of glucose —> and transport of fats into adipose tissue

  • mice with mutation of insulin receptors in brain became obese
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24
Q

Fall in glucose is detected by cells in […]

A

Fall in glucose is detected by cells in pancreas and brain

- Pancreas responds by stopping its secretion of insulin and starting to secrete glucagon

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25
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreatic hormone that promotes conversion of liver glycogen into glucose

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26
Q

Long-term reservoir consists of […]

A

Long-term reservoir consists of triglycerides

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27
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • form of fat storage in adipose cells

- consists of molecule of glycerol joined with 3 fatty acids

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28
Q

Glycerol

A

Converted by liver into glucose

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29
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Can be metabolized by most cells of body expect for brain

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30
Q

Adipose tissues

A

Found beneath skin and abdominal cavity

- Cells are capable of absorbing nutrients from blood, converting them to triglycerides, and storing them
- Size of fat cells is determined by amount of TAGs the cells contain
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31
Q

[…] is involved in breakdown and utilization of stored nutrients

A

Sympathetic Ns is involved in breakdown and utilization of stored nutrients

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32
Q

Fasting Phase

A
  • Fall in glucose level causes pancreas to stop secreting insulin and to start secreting glucagon
  • Absence of insulin means most of cells of body can no longer use glucose
    • All glucose present in blood is reserved for CNS
  • Fat cells break down TAGs into FA and glycerol
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33
Q

Absorptive Phase: Glucose

A
  • level of glucose in blood rises
  • Activity of sympathetic NS to decrease and activity of parasympathetic NS to increase
  • Tells pancreas to stop secreting glucagon and begin secreting insulin
  • Insulin permits all cells of body to use glucose as fuel
  • Extra glucose some is converted into glycogen which fills short-term carb reservoirs
  • If glucose is left over, it is converted into fat and absorbed by fat cells
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34
Q

Absorptive Phase: Amino acids

A
  • Small proportion are used to construct proteins and peptides
  • Rest are converted to fats and stored in adipose tissue
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35
Q

Absorptive Phase: Fat

A

Stored in adipose tissue

36
Q

Signals from Environment that start meal

A
  • Time of day
  • Presence of others
  • Sensory signals, including sight or smell of food
37
Q

Empty stomach and upper intestine (GI system) releases […] when digestive tract is empty

A

Empty stomach and upper intestine (GI system) releases ghrelin when digestive tract is empty

38
Q

Ghrelin

A

Peptide hormone released by stomach that increases eating

- Produced by neurons in brain
- Binds to receptors in hypothalamus
- Increase with fasting and are reduced after meal
- Relays signals from stomach and digestive tract to hypothalamus
39
Q

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A

Obesity caused by almost continuous eating

- Chronic elevation in blood level of ghrelin, which remains high even after meal

40
Q

Entry of food into […] suppresses ghrelin secretion

A

Entry of food into duodenum suppresses ghrelin secretion

41
Q

Duodenum

A

First portion of small intestine, attached directly to stomach
- Contains ghrelin receptors

42
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Fall in blood glucose level is potent stimulus for hunger

43
Q

Glucoprivation

A

Dramatic fall in level of glucose available to cells

- Can be caused by fall in blood level of glucose or by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism

44
Q

Lipoprivation

A

Dramatic fall in level of fatty acid available to cells

- Usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid metabolism

45
Q

2 sets of hunger detectors

A
  • Brain receives glucoprivic hunger signal from liver through vagus nerve
  • Lipoprivic hunger appears to be stimulated by receptors in liver
46
Q

Brain contains detectors that monitor availability of […] inside BBB

A

Brain contains detectors that monitor availability of glucose inside BBB

47
Q

Liver contains detectors that monitor availability of […] inside BBB

A

Liver contains detectors that monitor availability of nutrients inside BBB

48
Q

After food reaches stomach it is mixed with […]

A

After food reaches stomach it is mixed with HCl and pepsin

49
Q

Food is mixed with […], which continue digestive process

A

Food is mixed with bile and pancreatic enzymes, which continue digestive process

50
Q

Duodenum controls rate of stomach emptying by secreting […]

A

Duodenum controls rate of stomach emptying by secreting cholecystokinin (CCK)

51
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Hormone secreted by duodenum that regulates gastric motility and causes the gallbladder (cholecyst) to contract

- Appears to provide satiety signal transmitted to brain through vagus nerve
- Response to presence of fats
- Causes pyloris to constrict and inhibits gastic contractions
- Blood levels is related to amount of nutrients that duodenum receives from the stomach
- Doesn’t act directly on brain
52
Q

Peptide YY3-36 (PYY)

A

Chemical produced by cells in GI tract and released by small intestine after meal in amounts proportional to calories that were just ingested

- Serves as satiety signal
- Amount of PYY released after meal correlates positively with people’s ratings of satiety
53
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

Vein that transport blood from digestive system to liver

- When liver receives nutrients from intestines, it sends signal to brain that produces satiety
- Signal continues satiety that was already started by signals from stomach and upper intestine
54
Q

Ob Mouse

A

Strain of mice whose obesity and low metabolic rate are caused by mutation that prevents production of leptin
- OB gene normally produces leptin

55
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone secreted by adipose tissue

- Decreases food intake and increases metabolic rate, primarily by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in arcuate nucleus

56
Q

Decerebration

A

Surgical procedure that severs brain stem, disconnecting hindbrain from forebrain

    - brain stem controls chewing and swallowing behaviors
- Disconnects motor neurons of brain stem and spinal cord from neural circuits of cerebral hemispheres - Can distinguish between different tastes
57
Q

[…] are parts of medulla that receive taste info from tongue and variety of sensory info from internal organ

A

Area postrema and nucleus of solitary tract (AP/NST) are parts of medulla that receive taste info from tongue and variety of sensory info from internal organ

58
Q

[…] hypothalamus regulates hunger while […] hypothalamus regulates satiety

A

Lateral hypothalamus regulates hunger while ventromedial hypothalamus regulates satiety

59
Q

Orexigens

A

“Appetite-inducing chemicals”

  • MCH and ore in
    • MCH appears to play more important role in stimulating feeding
    • Endocannabinoids stimulate eating by increasing MCH and ore in release
60
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

A

Nucleus in base of hypothalamus that controls secretions of anterior pituitary gland
- Contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in feeding in control of metabolism

61
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)

A

Nucleus of hypothalamus located adjacent to dorsal third ventricle
- Contains neurons involved in control of ANS and posterior pituitary

62
Q

Anorexigens

A

“Appetite- suppressing chemicals”

- CART and a-MSH

63
Q

Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R)

A

Receptor found in brain that binds with a-MSH and AgRP

- Plays role in control of appetite

64
Q

PYY binds with an inhibitory autoreceptors found on […] neurons in […] of hypothalamus

A

PYY binds with an inhibitory autoreceptors found on NPY/AgRP neurons in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

65
Q

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

A

Location of cell bodies: Lateral hypothalamus

Location of terminals: neocortex, PAG, reticular formation, thalamus, LC neurons in spinal cord that control sympathetic NS

Interaction with other peptides: Activated by NPY/AgRP; Inhibited by leptin and CART/ a-MSH

Physiological/ behavioral effects: eating; decreased metabolic rate

66
Q

Orexin

A

Location of cell bodies: Lateral hypothalamus

Location of terminals: neocortex, PAG, reticular formation, thalamus, LC neurons in spinal cord that control sympathetic NS

Interaction with other peptides: Activated by NPY/AgRP; Inhibited by leptin and CART/ a-MSH

Physiological/ behavioral effects: eating; decreased metabolic rate

67
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

Location of cell bodies: Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Location of terminals:Paraventricular nucleus, MCH and orexin neurons of lateral hypothalamus

Interaction with other peptides: activated by ghrelin; inhibited by leptin

Physiological/ behavioral effects:eating; decreased metabolic rate; stimulates insulin and glucocorticoid secretion; decrease TAG breakdown; decreased body temperature

68
Q

Agouti-related protein (AgRP)

A

Location of cell bodies: Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Location of terminals:Paraventricular nucleus, MCH and orexin neurons of lateral hypothalamus

Interaction with other peptides: inhibited by leptin

Physiological/ behavioral effects:eating; decreased metabolic rate; acts as antagonist at MC4-R

69
Q

Cocaine-and- amphetamine regulated transcript (CART)

A

Location of cell bodies: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Location of terminals; paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, PAG matter, neurons in spinal cord that control sympathetic NS

Interaction with other peptides: activated by leptin

Physiological/ behavioral effects: Suppression of eating; increased metabolic rate

70
Q

a-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (a-MSH)

A

Location of cell bodies: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Location of terminals; paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, PAG matter, neurons in spinal cord that control sympathetic NS

Interaction with other peptides: activated by leptin

Physiological/ behavioral effects: Suppression of eating; increased metabolic rate; acts as agonist at MC4 receptors

71
Q

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)

A

Produces small pouch is attached to lower portion of intestines

- Produce small stomach whose contents enter jejunum and bypass duodenum
- Can cause iron and Vit B12 deficiency 
- Decreased ghrelin secretion
- Increased blood levels of PYY
72
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Disorder that most frequently afflicts young women

- Exaggerated concern with overweight that leads to excessive dieting and often compulsive exercising
- Can lead to starvation
73
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Bouts of excessive hunger and eating, often followed by forced vomiting or purging with laxative

74
Q

Binge-Eating Disroder

A

Disorders that includes bouts of excessive eating

75
Q

Sensation of thirst involves […]

A

Sensation of thirst involves anterior cingulate cortex

76
Q

Osmosensory transduction occurs in […]

A

Osmosensory transduction occurs in magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs)

77
Q

Subfornical Organ and Thirst

A

small organ located in confluence of lateral ventricles, attached to underside of the fornix

78
Q

Neurons in the SFO send their axons to […]

A

Neurons in the SFO send their axons to median preoptic nucleus

79
Q

Median Preoptic Nucleus

A

small nucleus wrapped around the front of anterior commissure, a fiber bundle that connects amygdala and anterior temporal lobe

80
Q

Satiety Signals

A
  • Short-Term: entry of food into stomach; nutrient detectors activated
  • Long-Term: arise in the adipose tissue (long-term nutrient reservoir)
81
Q

Liver Satiety Signals

A
  • Last stage of satiety
  • Nutrient detectors in liver send signal after nutrients received from intestines
  • Glucose and fructose through hepatic portal vein there was reduction of food intake
  • Fructose can’t cross BBB and is metabolized poorly by cells in rest of the body
82
Q

Reinforcement, Stress, and Food

A

DA and CRH involved in relapses of addictive behaviors

83
Q

Pharmacological Interventions for Obesity

A
  • Fenfluramine- serotonin agonists

- Rimonabant

84
Q

Fenfluramine- serotonin agonists

A

pulmonary hypertension and damage to heart valves

85
Q

Rimonabant

A

blocks CB1 receptors

  • suppresses appetite, weight loss, increases HDL
  • more depressive moods, anxiety, and suicide risk

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