Chapter 6 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems A&P Flashcards
are specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats than cannot be transported by the blood stream
lacteals
also known as intercellular or tissue fluid, is plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries
interstitial fluid
is made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid
lymph
are microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness
lymphatic capillaries
lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries into these larger structures, which are located deeper within the tissues
lymphatic vessels
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm
right lymphatic duct
is the proximal part of the main vein of the arm. where the lymphatic and circulatory system meet
subclavian vein
the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs
thoracic duct
contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens
lymph node
are located along the sides of the neck
cervical lymph nodes
are located under the arms in the area known as the armpits
axillary nodes
are located in the inguinal area of the lower abdomen
inguinal lymph nodes
also known as lymphoid cells, are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells
lymphocytes
means the process of becoming mature
maturation
means to be modified to perform a specific function
differentiation
play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
natural killer cells (NK cells)
known as B lymphocytes, are specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies
B cells
develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
plasma cells
known as T lymphocytes, belong to a group of leukocytes known as lymphocytes. get name from origin in the thymus, play a role in cell-mediated immunity
T cells
are a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells
cytokines
are produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication
interferons
play multiple roles in the immune system, including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate
interleukins
means pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling lymph
lymphoid
are three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat
tonsils
known as the nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx
adenoids
are located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
palatine tonsils
are located at the base of the tongue; however, they are not readily visible
lingual tonsils
is a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age
thymus
commonly referred to as the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine
vermiform appendix
is a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach
spleen
function is to destroy worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
hemolytic
which are disease-producing microorganisms
pathogens
which are substances that produce allergic reactions
allergens
which are poisonous or harmful substances
toxins
potentially life-threatening cancer cells
malignant cells
wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body
intact skin
traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and moist mucous membranes lining the respiratory system
respiratory system
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed
digestive system
specialized leukocytes work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body
lymphatic system
also known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies
antigen-antibody reaction
is any substance that the body regards as being foreign
antigen
refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen
tolerance
is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
antibody
binds with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response
immunoglobulins
the most abundant class of antibodies, and they are found in blood serum and lymph. these antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles
immunoglobulin G (IgG)
is the class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens. are found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
is the class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
is the class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells. these antibodies are important in B cell activation
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
is the class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. these are responsible for allergic reactions
immunoglobulin E (IgE)
are specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris. performs phagocytosis
phagocytes
are leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
monocytes
is a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells
macrophage
are specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infection
dendritic cells
is a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. when needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells
the complement system
is the state of being resistant to a specific disease
immunity
is resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease
natural immunity (passive immunity)
is obtained by having had a contagious disease
acquired immunity
is a prescription containing an antigen, consisting of whole or partial disease-causing organisms, which have been killed or weakened
vaccine
provides protection against the disease
vaccination
is a specialist in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity
allergist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
immunologist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system
lymphologist
is a physician who specializes in the diagnosing and treatment of malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer
oncologist
is a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed. swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction
scratch test
means weakened or not functioning properly
compromised
weakened by another condition
debilitated
means to cause greater activity
stimulate
decrease or stop a normal response
repress
is not a form of cancer, and it is not life-threatening
benign tumor
is a form of cancer. capable of spreading to distant body sites, including to other body systems
malignant tumor
means in place where the cancer first occurred
in situ
is a biopsy of the first lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading into the rest of the body
sentinel node biopsy
begins during the same surgery as the mastectomy when an “expander” is placed to replace the tissue that was removed
immediate breast reconstruction
may be necessary if the surgery is to be followed by radiation treatment
delayed breast reconstruction
means to increase rapidly
proliferation
refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug
adjuvant
a serious sensitivity to light
photophobia
agent slows or stops the growth of bacteria
bacteriostatic
type of sarcoma that arise from bone or cartilage
hard-tissue sarcoma
type of sarcoma that are cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue, including the synovial tissues that line the cavities of joints
soft-tissue sarcomas
type of sarcoma that arise from blood and lymph
liquid-tissue sarcoma
stage of breast cancer where cancer cells are found only in one location, such as ductal carcinoma in situ
stage 0
stage of breast cancer where cancer cells have moved beyond the duct but have not yet reached the lymph nodes
stage 1
stage of breast cancer where cancer has increased in size, and/or has reached the axillary (armpit) lymph nodes
stage II
stage of breast cancer where cancer has spread to the cervical (neck) lymph nodes and/or the tissues surrounding the breast, such as the chest wall or skin
stage III
stage of breast cancer where cancer has spread to other organs, most commonly the brain, lungs, liver, or bones. this is also known as invasive cancer
stage IV
