Chapter 3 The Skeletal System A&P Flashcards
is the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
periosteum
is the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
compact bone (cortical bone)
is lighter and not as strong as compact bone. red bone marrow is located within
spongy (cancellous bone)
is the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone
medullary cavity
means pertaining to the inner section
medullary
is the tissue that lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
is located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells
red bone marrow
means pertaining to the formation of blood cells
hemopoietic
functions as a fat storage area
yellow bone marrow
is the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connect tissue that acts as a shock absorber
cartilage
covers the surface of bones where they come together to form joints
articular cartilage
is the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee
meniscus
is the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
are the wider ends of long bones such as the femur of the legs
epiphysis
is the end of the bone located nearest to the midline
proximal epiphysis
is the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body
distal epiphysis
is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
foramen
is the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes
foramen magnum
is a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
process
is the bony projection located on the temporal bone just behind the ears
mastoid process
are the place of union between two or more bones
joints (articulations)
consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together
fibrous joints (sutures)
soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn
fontanelles
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. is located behind the pubic bones
pubic symphysis
is created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
synovial joint
such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
ball-and-socket joints
such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
hinge joints
is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
synovial capsule
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant
synovial fluid
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
ligaments
is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
bursa
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory system. consists of 80 bones
axial skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. consists of 126 bones
appendicular skeleton
is made up of 8 bones of the skull
cranium
is the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
frontal bone
are two of the largest bones of the skull. form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
parietal bones
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
occiptal bone
form the sides and base of the cranium
temporal bones
is the opening of the external auditor canal of the outer ear.
external auditor meatus
is the external opening of a canal
meatus
is an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull. makes contact with all other cranial bones
sphenoid bone
is light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
ethmoid bone
are the three tiny bones located in each middle ear
auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
known as the cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bones
zygomatic bones
form most of the upper jaw
maxillary bones (maxillae)
form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
palatine bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
lacrimal bones
are the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
inferior conchae
forms the base for the nasal septum
vomer bone
also known as the jawbone, is the only movable bone of the skull
mandible
also known as the rib cage, is the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
the first seven pair of ribs are called; attach anteriorly to the sternum
true ribs
next three pairs of ribs; attach anterior to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
false ribs
last two ribs; attach posteriorly to the vertebrae but not attached anteriorly
floating ribs
also known as the breast bone; dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
sternum
is the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
manubrium
is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
body of the sternum
is the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
supports the arms and hands. also known as the shoulder girdle
pectoral girdle
known as the collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
clavicle
is also known as the shoulder blader
scapula
is an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
acromion
is the bone of the upper arm
humerus
is the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm
radius
is the largest and longer bone of the forearm
ulna
commonly known as the funny bone, is a large projection on the upper end of the ulna
olecranon process
are the bones that form the wrist
carpals
are the five bones that form the palm of the hand
metacarpals
are the 14 bones of the fingers and the bones of the toes
phalanges
is also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
spinal column
anterior portion of vertebra
body of vertebrae
the posterior portion of a vertebra is known as the
lamina
is the opening in the middle of the vertebra. allows spinal cord to pass through
vertebral foramen
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other
intervertebral disks
are the first set of vertebrae and they form the neck
cervical vertebrae
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
known as T1-T12, are the second set of vertebrae. surround the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
how many thoracic vertebrae are there
12
make up the third set of vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine
lumbar vertebrae
how many lumbar vertebrae are there
5
is the slightly curved triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine
sacrum
how many sacral vertebrae are there
5
is also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together
coccyx
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there
4
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
pelvic girdle
is the broad-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
ilium
is the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of ilium
sacroiliac
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone
ischium
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone
pubis
is the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bone
pubic symphysis
also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis
acetabulum
largest bone in the body
femur
also known as the kneecap
patella
the posterior aspect behind the knee
popliteal
known as the shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
tibia
is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg and is located laterally
fibula
is a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
malleolus
is the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
talus
also known as the heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones
calcaneus
form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached, sole of the foot
metatarsals
are the bones of the toes. and big toes
phalanges
what is the thumb commonly referred to as
Pollux
what is the big toe commonly referred to as
Hallux
specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
chiropractor
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
orthopedic surgeon (orthopedist)
uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
osteopath
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
podiatrist
is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
rheumatologist
the use of a syringe to withdraw the liquid bone marrow
bone marrow aspiration
