Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease A&P Flashcards
is the study of the structures of the body
anatomy
is the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physiology
describes the body standing in the standard position
anatomic position
are imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
body planes
is an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
vertical plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
sagittal plane
also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
midsagittal plane (midline)
is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
frontal plane (coronal plane)
is a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
horizontal plane
is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
ventral
refers to the back of the organ or body
dorsal
means situated in the front
anterior
means situated in the back
posterior
means uppermost, above, or toward the head
superior
means lowermost, below, or toward the feet
inferior
means toward the head
cephalic
means toward the lower part of the body
caudal
means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
proximal
means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
distal
means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
medial
means direction toward, or near, the side of the body, away from the midline
lateral
which is located along the back of the body and head, containing organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions
dorsal cavity
which is located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
cranial cavity
means pertaining to the skull
cranial
which is located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
spinal cavity
which is located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
ventral cavity
also known as the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
thoracic cavity (chest cavity or thorax)
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
abdominal cavity
is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
pelvic cavity
means relating to the groin
inguinal
region covered by the lower ribs
hypochondriac regions
region located above the stomach
epigastric region
region located near the inward curve of the spine
lumbar regions
region that surrounds the umbilicus
umbilical region
region located over the hip bones
iliac regions
region located below the stomach
hypogastric region
what are the four quadrants
right upper quadrant (RUQ)right lower quadrant (RLQ)left upper quadrant (LUQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ)
is a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
is a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
membrane
is the outer layer of peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
parietal peritoneum
is a fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
mesentery
is the inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
means located behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
are the basic structural and functional units of the body
cells
is the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
cytology
is a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
cytologist
is the tissue that surrounds and protects the content of the cell by separating them from its external environment
cell membrane
is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cytoplasm
is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. controls activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide
nucleus
are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
stem cells
known as somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
adult stem cells (somatic stem cells)
means not having a specialized function or structure
undifferentiated
means having a specialized function or structure
differentiated
are undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form any adult cell
embryonic stem cells
is a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene
is the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
genetics
a specialist in the field of genes
geneticist
needs to be inherited from either (only one) parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic
dominant gene
needs to be inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition
recessive gene
is in the complete set of genetic information of an organism
genome
are the genetic structures located within the nucleus
chromosomes
is any cell in the body except the gametes
somatic cell
also known as a gamete, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes
sex cell
is a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
genetic mutation
is a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that joint together to perform certain specific functions
tissue
is the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
histology
form a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body
epithelial tissues
is the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
epithelium
supports and connects organs and other body tissues
connective tissue
such as bone and cartilage, forms the joints and framework of the body
dense connective tissue
also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation and support
adipose tissue (fat)
surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
loose connective tissue
blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
liquid connective tissues
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
nerve tissue
is a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
gland
is the substance produced by a gland
secretion
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
exocrine gland
produce hormones, do not have ducts
endocrine glands
is a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
organ
is the study of disease; the nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function
pathology
specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
pathologist
is a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
epidemiologist
supports and shapes the body. protects the internal organs
skeletal system
hold the body erect. makes movement possible
muscular system
blood circulates throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, and to carry waste products to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration
cardiovascular system
removes and transports waste products from the fluid between the cells. destroys harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes
lymphatic system
defends the body against invading pathogens and allergens
immune system
brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells
respiratory system
digests ingested food so it can be absorbed into the blood stream. eliminates solid waste
digestive system
filters blood to remove waste. maintains electrolyte and fluid balance within the body
urinary system
coordinates the reception of stimuli. transmits messages throughout the body
nervous system
receive visual and auditory information, and transmit it to the brain
special senses
protects the body against invasion by bacteria. aids in regulating the body temperature and water content
integumentary system
integrates all body functions
endocrine system
produces new life
reproductive system
which is a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development
premature birth
are congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth
birth injuries
study of medical problems and care of older people
geriatrics (gerontology)
means after death
postmortem
provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
general practitioner (GP) (family practice physician)
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and relating body systems
internist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
pediatrician (pediatrics)
is a physician who specializes in the care of older people
geriatrician (gerontologist)
focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
hospitalist
means relating to, or having, two sides
bilateral
is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
groin
Is a change within the cells of the body. Those changes affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation
somatic cell mutation
Is a change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted by a patient to his or her children
gametic cell mutation
is the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
genetic engineering
is the spread of a disease
transmission
means that a pathogen is possibly present
contamination
means without known cause
idiopathic
means existing at birth
congenital
