Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease A&P Flashcards
1
Q
is the study of the structures of the body
A
anatomy
2
Q
is the study of the functions of the structures of the body
A
physiology
3
Q
describes the body standing in the standard position
A
anatomic position
4
Q
are imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
A
body planes
5
Q
is an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
A
vertical plane
6
Q
is a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
A
sagittal plane
7
Q
also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
A
midsagittal plane (midline)
8
Q
is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
A
frontal plane (coronal plane)
9
Q
is a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
A
horizontal plane
10
Q
is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
A
transverse plane
11
Q
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
A
ventral
12
Q
refers to the back of the organ or body
A
dorsal
13
Q
means situated in the front
A
anterior
14
Q
means situated in the back
A
posterior
15
Q
means uppermost, above, or toward the head
A
superior
16
Q
means lowermost, below, or toward the feet
A
inferior
17
Q
means toward the head
A
cephalic
18
Q
means toward the lower part of the body
A
caudal
19
Q
means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
A
proximal
20
Q
means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
A
distal
21
Q
means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
A
medial
22
Q
means direction toward, or near, the side of the body, away from the midline
A
lateral
23
Q
which is located along the back of the body and head, containing organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions
A
dorsal cavity
24
Q
which is located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
A
cranial cavity
25
means pertaining to the skull
cranial
26
which is located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
spinal cavity
27
which is located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
ventral cavity
28
also known as the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
thoracic cavity (chest cavity or thorax)
29
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
abdominal cavity
30
is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
pelvic cavity
31
means relating to the groin
inguinal
32
region covered by the lower ribs
hypochondriac regions
33
region located above the stomach
epigastric region
34
region located near the inward curve of the spine
lumbar regions
35
region that surrounds the umbilicus
umbilical region
36
region located over the hip bones
iliac regions
37
region located below the stomach
hypogastric region
38
what are the four quadrants
right upper quadrant (RUQ)right lower quadrant (RLQ)left upper quadrant (LUQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ)
39
is a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
40
is a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
membrane
41
is the outer layer of peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
parietal peritoneum
42
is a fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
mesentery
43
is the inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
44
means located behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
45
are the basic structural and functional units of the body
cells
46
is the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
cytology
47
is a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
cytologist
48
is the tissue that surrounds and protects the content of the cell by separating them from its external environment
cell membrane
49
is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cytoplasm
50
is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. controls activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide
nucleus
51
are unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
stem cells
52
known as somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
adult stem cells (somatic stem cells)
53
means not having a specialized function or structure
undifferentiated
54
means having a specialized function or structure
differentiated
55
are undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form any adult cell
embryonic stem cells
56
is a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene
57
is the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
genetics
58
a specialist in the field of genes
geneticist
59
needs to be inherited from either (only one) parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic
dominant gene
60
needs to be inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition
recessive gene
61
is in the complete set of genetic information of an organism
genome
62
are the genetic structures located within the nucleus
chromosomes
63
is any cell in the body except the gametes
somatic cell
64
also known as a gamete, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes
sex cell
65
is a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
genetic mutation
66
is a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that joint together to perform certain specific functions
tissue
67
is the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
histology
68
form a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body
epithelial tissues
69
is the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
epithelium
70
supports and connects organs and other body tissues
connective tissue
71
such as bone and cartilage, forms the joints and framework of the body
dense connective tissue
72
also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation and support
adipose tissue (fat)
73
surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
loose connective tissue
74
blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
liquid connective tissues
75
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
muscle tissue
76
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
nerve tissue
77
is a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
gland
78
is the substance produced by a gland
secretion
79
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
exocrine gland
80
produce hormones, do not have ducts
endocrine glands
81
is a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
organ
82
is the study of disease; the nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function
pathology
83
specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
pathologist
84
is a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
epidemiologist
85
supports and shapes the body. protects the internal organs
skeletal system
86
hold the body erect. makes movement possible
muscular system
87
blood circulates throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, and to carry waste products to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration
cardiovascular system
88
removes and transports waste products from the fluid between the cells. destroys harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes
lymphatic system
89
defends the body against invading pathogens and allergens
immune system
90
brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells
respiratory system
91
digests ingested food so it can be absorbed into the blood stream. eliminates solid waste
digestive system
92
filters blood to remove waste. maintains electrolyte and fluid balance within the body
urinary system
93
coordinates the reception of stimuli. transmits messages throughout the body
nervous system
94
receive visual and auditory information, and transmit it to the brain
special senses
95
protects the body against invasion by bacteria. aids in regulating the body temperature and water content
integumentary system
96
integrates all body functions
endocrine system
97
produces new life
reproductive system
98
which is a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development
premature birth
99
are congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth
birth injuries
100
study of medical problems and care of older people
geriatrics (gerontology)
101
means after death
postmortem
102
provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
general practitioner (GP) (family practice physician)
103
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and relating body systems
internist
104
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
pediatrician (pediatrics)
105
is a physician who specializes in the care of older people
geriatrician (gerontologist)
106
focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
hospitalist
107
means relating to, or having, two sides
bilateral
108
is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
109
is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
groin
110
Is a change within the cells of the body. Those changes affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation
somatic cell mutation
111
Is a change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted by a patient to his or her children
gametic cell mutation
112
is the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
genetic engineering
113
is the spread of a disease
transmission
114
means that a pathogen is possibly present
contamination
115
means without known cause
idiopathic
116
means existing at birth
congenital
