Chapter 10 The Nervous System A&P Flashcards
two primary parts of the nervous system
central and peripheral nervous system
includes the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pair of peripheral nerve extending outward from the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
is one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body
nerve
is a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
tract
carry nerve impulses toward the brain
ascending nerve tracts
carry nerve impulses away from the brain
descending nerve tracts
is a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system.
ganglion
means the supply of nerves to a specific body part
innervation
is a network of intersecting spinal nerves
plexus
are the sites in the sensory that receive external stimulation
receptors
is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
reflex
are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
neurons
patterns of neuron electrical activity
brain waves
what are the three parts of a neuron
dendrites, axon, cell body
are the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
dendrites
is a structure that extends out from the body cell
process
is a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell
axon
also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord
afferent neurons
also known as associative neurons, these neurons link afferent and efferent neurons
connecting neurons
also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands
efferent neurons
means toward
afferent
means away from
efferent
are the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse
terminal end fibers
is the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
synapse
are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor
neurotransmitters
is released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action
acetylcholine
is released within the brain. it is believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease
dopamine
are naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain
endorphins
affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress
norepineprhine
is released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition. sometimes linked to mood disorders
serotonin
provides support and protection for neurons
glial cells
is the protective covering made up of glial cells. white sheath forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord
myelin sheath
portion of nerve fibers that are myelinated are known as
white matter
means having a myelin sheath
myelinated
portion of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated are known as
gray matter
means lacking a myelin sheath
unmyelinated
is made up of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
are a system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
meninges
is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges
dura mater (tough mother)
inner surface of the vertebral column is known as the. located between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater of the meninges
epidural space
is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
subdural space
resembles a spiderweb, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater
arachnoid membrane
is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater
subarachnoid space
is the third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum
cerebrospinal fluid
is the largest and uppermost portion of the brain.
cerebrum
means pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain
cerebral
which is made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
cerebral cortex
are the elevated folds of gray matter in the cerebral cortex
gyri
are the fissures of the cerebral cortex
sulci
is a normally occurring deep groove in the brain
fissure
the cerebrum divided into two
cerebral hemispheres
what connects the two cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
controls the highest level of thought, including judgment, memory, association, and critical thinking. all voluntary muscle activity
cerebrum
relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
controls vital bodily functions. maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements
cerebellum
controls the functions necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure), and for arousal
brainstem
controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body
left cerebral hemisphere
controls most of the functions on the left side of the body
right cerebral hemisphere
controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
frontal lobe
receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin and muscles
parietal lobe
controls eyesight
occipital lobe
controls the sense of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information
temporal lobe
is the second largest part of the brain. located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum
cerebellum
is the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord
brainstem
provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain. also control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
midbrain and pons
is located at the lowest portion of the brain stem. controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
is along, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
spinal cord
means pertaining to body parts that are away from the center of the body
peripheral
carry instructions to the organs and glands from the autonomic nervous system
autonomic nerve fibers
receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it is interpreted
sensory nerve fibers
also known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body’s voluntary muscular movements
somatic nerve fibers
originate from the under surface of the brain. have a variety of functions
cranial nerves
are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate. 31 pairs
peripheral spinal nerves
is organized into two divisions, controls involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning of internal organs
autonomic nervous system
is the process of maintaining the constant internal environment of the body
homeostasis
prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles
sympathetic nervous system
body’s natural reaction to real or imaginary danger
fight-or-flight response
return the body to normal after a response to stress.
parasympathetic
is a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and after surgery
anesthesiologist
is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician, for example, a nurse anesthetist
anesthetist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system
neurologist
is a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
neurosurgeon
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
psychiatrist
has a doctoral degree, but is not a medical doctor. evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness
psychologist
describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact
coup
is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact
contrecoup, counterblow
destroys brain tissue and is invasive
malignant brain tumor
does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing intracranial pressure
benign brain tumor
is the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it
post-polio syndrome
is any disease or damage to a nerve
neuropathy
is damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome
mononeuropathy
is when multiple peripheral nerves are damaged
polyneuropathy
is a barbituate used as a sedative and hypnotic
amobarbital
is a barbituate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant
phenobarbital
causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area
local anesthesia
the temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked
regional anesthesia
numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray
topical anesthesia
is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
is another subgroup of the autism disorders spectrum. usually have above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication
Asperger’s syndrome
is a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value
kleptomania
is a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting
pyromania
is a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one’s own hair
trichotillomania
is a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
antisocial personality disorder
is characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships
borderline personality disorder
is a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others
narcissistic personality disorder
is a psychological or physical syndrome (or both) caused by the abrupt cessation of the use of alcohol or a drug in an addicted individual
withdrawal
is one normally used for personal pleasure or satisfaction rather than medical purposes
recreational drug
is a visual disturbance perceived by the patient preceding a migraine headache or epileptic seizure
warning aura
is a memory disorder, usually associated with with recently acquired information, which may be an early predictor of Alzheimer’s disease
mild cognitive impairment
is dementia of the aged
senile dementia
located above the dura mater is a cranial hematoma
epidural hematoma
located below the dura mater is a cranial hematoma
subdural hematoma
refers to a decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substance abuse such as medications, drugs, or alcohol
altered levels of consciousness (ALOC)
means indifference and a reduced level of activity
apathy
refers to a person who is at this level of consciousness
lethargic
refers to a person who is in a coma
comatose
occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms in a blood vessel somewhere other than the brain and travels through the bloodstream to lodge in the narrower brain arteries
embolic stroke
is the loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath
demyelination
is a condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted
spasticity
means paralysis of a body part that is often accompanied by loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements, such as shaking
palsy
involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection
general anesthesia
is the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
dystonia
characterized by high energy and a short wavelength, is also used in nuclear medicine
gamma radiation
is restlessness or a continuous excess of movement
hyperactivity
means artificial, self-induced, or not naturally occurring
factitious
is another subgroup of the autism disorders spectrum. individuals usually have normal or above-average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication
Asperger’s syndrome
