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Biology > Chapter 6 - Levels of organisation > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Levels of organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the levels of organisation, least complex to most complex

A
  1. Chemical and molecular
  2. Organelle level
  3. Cellular level
  4. Tissue level
  5. Organ levels
  6. Organ systems
  7. Organism
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2
Q

Describe the chemical and molecular level

A
  • Most basic level of organisation
  • Includes all essential chemicals of life
  • Ex. Water, glucose, fats
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3
Q

Describe the organelle level

A
  • Many molecules form complex, highly specialised structures
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4
Q

Describe the cellular level

A
  • Most basic unit of life

- Each type of cell has a different structure and function

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5
Q

Describe the tissue level

A

Many similar cell working together to perform a specific function

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6
Q

Describe the organ level

A
  • Groups of different tissue layers working together to perform a specific function
  • Consists of two or more layers of tissue
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7
Q

Describe an organ system

A

Group of organs performing closely related functions

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8
Q

Describe an organism

A

Complex, functioning whole that is the sum of all its component parts

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9
Q

Name two parts of the human body in which ciliated epithelial cells could be found

A

Trachea and fallopian tubes

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10
Q

State two functions of the cilia on ciliated epithelial cells

A
  • Sweep out dust an bacteria

- Sweep egg cell along fallopian tube

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11
Q

Suggest why ciliated epithelial cells have a high amount of

mitochondria

A

To release sufficient energy for the cilia to beat

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12
Q

State the function of mucus produced by goblet cells

A

To trap dust and bacteria

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13
Q

Name two functions of root hair cells

A
  • Absorb minerals, vitamins and water

- Anchor the plant in soil

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14
Q

Suggest why root hair cells are present in large numbers

A

To maximise surface area for the absorbtion of nutrients and water from the soil

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15
Q

State why root hair cells have long extentions

A

To maximise surface area for the absorbtion of nutrients and water from the soil

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16
Q

Suggest why root hair cells have many mitochondria

A

Root hair cells have to carry out active transport and therefore needs large amounts of energy

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17
Q

Give a reason for the fact that root hair cells have large vacuoles

A

Large vacuoles helps to carry out the process of osmosis

18
Q

How does movement occur in muscle cells?

A

The cells have the ability to slide past each other

19
Q

State where muscle cells are found, and of what they are composed

A
  • Found in voluntary muscles

- Made up of long muscle fiber cells and contractile proteins

20
Q

State the main function of a motor neuron cell

A
  • Tranmits impulses from the central nervous system to effectors
21
Q

Name the function of the myelin sheath in a motor neuron cell

A

Insulates the axon to prevent leakages of the impulse and also speed up the impulse

22
Q

Name the function of the nodes of Ranvier

A

Speed up the impulse

23
Q

Which component of a motor neuron cell produces the mylein sheath?

A

Schwann cells

24
Q

Describe how the structure of red blood cells contribute to their function

A
  • Transport oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin
  • Smallest cells to be pumped through capillaries
  • Contain haemoglobin
  • Elastic to be squeezed through capillaries
  • No nucleus to maximise the amount of oxygen the cell can carry
  • No mitochondria to prevent the usage of oxygen during transport
  • Biconcave to maximise surface area relative to volume
  • Large surface area:volume ratio
25
Q

Suggest why red blood cells are adapted in such a way that their SA:V ratio is so large

A

To maximise the amount of oxygen the cell is able to absorb and ensure that haemoglobin is never far from the surface

26
Q

State where palisade mesophyll cells are found

A

In leaves just under the upper epidermis

27
Q

Name one function of palisade mesophyll cells

A

Photosynthesis

28
Q

Describe how the structure and location of palisade mesophyll cells contribute to their function

A
  • Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll to trap maximum light for photosynthesis
  • Long and cylindrical so more can fit into a leaf
  • Cell walls are thin for easy gaseous exchange by diffusion
  • At right angles to the upper epidermis to trap maximum light
29
Q

Everybody wants to change the world,

everybody wants to change the world

A

But no-one, no-one wants to die!

30
Q

State where xylem is found

A

Vascular bundles of roots, stems and leaves

31
Q

Name two funtions of xylem cells

A
  • Transport water and mineral ions in plants

- Provide support to plants

32
Q

Describe how the structure and location of xylem cells contribute to their function

A
  • Long hollow tubes connected end to end to form a long continuous column
  • To end walls to form tubes
  • No cytoplasm or organelles so there is no obstruction to the flow of water and mineral ions
  • Lignified walls to strengthen and prevent collapse - supports plant
  • Unlignified areas called pits for lateral movement of water
33
Q

State where sperm cells are found

A

Epididymis

34
Q

Name one function of spermatozoa

A

Fertilises ovum

35
Q

Describe how the structure of spermatozoa contribute to their function

A
  • Head has a haploid nucleus which fuses with haploid nucleus of ovum to form a diploid zygote
  • Head has an acrosome which contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest a path into the egg cell
  • Middle piece contains many mitochondria to release energy for the tail to beat
  • The tail has an axial filament which causes the beating of the tail
36
Q

Name the two tissue layers found in diploblastic organisms

A
  • Endoderm

- Ectoderm

37
Q

State why diploblastic organisms are less advanced

A

They can not develop organs

38
Q

Give one word for animals that can not develop a body cavity

A

Acoelomates

39
Q

Name the three layers of tissue found in the blastula of triploblastic organisms and also name the body cavity

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Body cavity is known as coelom
40
Q

Name four advantages the coelom gives a triploblastic animal

A
  • Allows the animal to become larger and more complex by providing space to develop organs
  • Allows the body wall and organs to function independently
  • In some organisms the coelom is filled with a fluid which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
  • The coelomic fluid transports oxygen, nutrients and waste

Biology (40 decks)

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