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Biology > Chapter 26 - Sexual Reproduction In Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Sexual Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure and function of scrotum

A
  1. Skin bag that holds the testes

2. Keeps temperature of testes 2*C lower than body temperature

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2
Q

Structure and function of epididymis

A
  1. Sperm passes from testes to epididymis which lies on top of the testis
  2. Sperm matures here and bacome mobile
  3. Store sperm
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3
Q

Sperm duct

A
  1. Transports sperm towards glands
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4
Q

Glands

A
  1. Add seminal fluid to give energy and prevent drying out
  2. Makes semen alkaline
  3. Called semen
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5
Q

Prostate gland

A
  1. Add seminal fluid

2. Helps with ejaculation

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6
Q

Urethra

A
  1. Through which semen and urine passes
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7
Q

Penis

A
  1. Organ inserted into vagina

2. Contains erectile tissue to make penis erect

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8
Q

Structure of spermatozoa

A
  1. Consist of head, middle and tail
  2. Head contains nucleus
  3. Nucleus is haploid
  4. Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes
  5. Contain mitochondria for energy
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9
Q

Formation of sperm

A
  1. Occurs in seminiferous tubules
  2. Tubules are specialised cells called germinal epithelium
  3. They divide by mitosis to form primary spermatocytes that are diploid
  4. Then form secondary spermatocytes that are haploid
  5. Then form spermatids which are haploid
  6. Then differentiate into spermatozoa
  7. This is called spermatogenesis
  8. Process controlled by testosterone and FSH
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10
Q

Structure and function of ovaries

A
  1. Store and releases matured ova

2. Produces oestrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

The fallopian tube

A
  1. Narrow tube through which ovum travels

2. Fertilisation occurs here

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12
Q

The uterus

A
  1. Muscular organ where egg develops
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13
Q

The cervix

A
  1. Narrow passage that leads from uterus to vagina
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14
Q

The vagina

A
  1. Muscular tube lined with thick mucous membrane

2. Receives the penis

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15
Q

Labia of vulva

A
  1. Outside the visible part
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16
Q

Structure of ovum

A
  1. Inside is the haploid nucleus
  2. Contains yolky cytoplasm as nourishment
  3. Surrounded by jelly coat to ensure only one sperm enters
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17
Q

Formation of ova

A
  1. Ovary covered by germinal epithelium
  2. Mitosis form many diploid primary oocytes
  3. Surrounded by follicles to form primary follicle
  4. During puberty meiosis form haploid secondary oocytes
  5. Each is in a graafian follicle
  6. The Graafian follicle burst open to release ovum
  7. Each month one develops into mature ovum
  8. Called oogenesis
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18
Q

Role of testosterone

A
  1. Transported in blood to different organs
  2. Causes voice to break
  3. Causes muscle enlargement
  4. Growth of pubic hair, facial hair and armpit hair
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19
Q

Role of oestrogen

A
  1. Form from the Graafian follicle and transported in the blood
  2. Causes sub deposition of subcutaneous fat
  3. Widening of the hips
  4. Hair under arm and pubic hair
  5. Breast develops
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20
Q

The menstrual cycle

A
  1. One cycle lasts 28 days
  2. Cycle controlled by hormones
  3. New cycle starts with period
  4. Menstruation lasts 4-5 days
  5. During menstruation hormones are low
  6. After periods the hormones rise
  7. By day 14 endometrium has thickened aNd ovulation occurs
  8. After ovulation hormones rise higher
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21
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormones)

A
  1. Produces by anterior lobe of pituitary gland
  2. Causes Graafian follicle to form mature ovum
  3. Stimulates Graafian follicle to produce oestrogen
  4. Rise after periods and peaks on day 14
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22
Q

Oestrogen

A
  1. Produced by Graafian follicle
  2. Causes endometrium to build up, repair and thicken the new uterus lining
  3. Stimulates pituitary gland to produce LH
  4. Peaks on day 11
23
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone)

A
  1. Produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland
  2. Causes ovulation
  3. Stimulates corpus luteum (Graafian becomes corpus luteum )
24
Q

Progesterone

A
  1. Produced by corpus luteum
  2. Maintains the lining
  3. It thickens lining even more
  4. Inhibits production of FSH
  5. Fall in progesterone causes lining to break down
25
Q

Role of oestrogen in pregnancy

A
  1. Prepares the uterus for labour by increasing sensitivity of muscle walls for contractions
  2. Causes lining to become thicker tougher and have better blood supply
26
Q

Role of progesterone in pregnancy

A
  1. Ensure pregnancy is maintained
  2. High levels inhibit contractions of the uterus
  3. Prevent periods
  4. Prevent ls further ovulations
  5. Stimulates mammary glands
27
Q

Sexual intercourse

A
  1. During sex the erect penis is inserted into the vagina

2. The Man expels semen by ejaculation

28
Q

Fertilisation

A
  1. Sperm propels itself through the cervix up the uterus into the Fallopian tube
  2. When the sperm reaches the egg only one sperm can enter and loses its tail
  3. When the sperm enters the membrane surrounding the egg becomes impermeable
  4. When the two haploid a fuse fertilisation occurs
29
Q

The process of implantation

A
  1. The zygote passes through Fallopian tube by means of cilia
  2. While zygote moves mitosis takes place forming the morula
  3. The morula continues to divide to form the blastocyst
  4. After 5-7 days the blastocyst reaches the uterus
  5. The blastocyst becomes the embryo
  6. The embryo sinks into the lining and embeds itself
30
Q

The placenta

A
  1. The thickened lining where embryo embedded itself is called placenta
  2. Two arteries carry blood away and one vein to carry blood to
  3. Blood never mixes
31
Q

The umbilical cord

A
  1. The two arteries and one vein and some connective tissue form umbilical cord
  2. Only connection between foetus and placenta
32
Q

The amniotic fluid

A

Fluids that surrounds the foetus

33
Q

The amniotic sac

A

Strong membrane that surrounds the foetus and keeps amniotic fluid inside

34
Q

Fraternal twins

A
  1. Two egg cells are released from different ovaries
  2. Both get fertilised by different sperm
  3. Two embryos develop
35
Q

Identical twins

A
  1. One egg is released and fertilised
  2. The embryo splits into two
  3. Both implant
36
Q

Triplets

A
  1. Two egg cells released
  2. Fertilised by two sperms
  3. Ons embryo splits into two
  4. Three embryos implant into uterus
37
Q

Function of placenta

A
  1. Acts as endocrine gland
  2. Oestrogen prepares womb for labour
  3. Progesterone maintains the uterus
  4. Exchange of substance
  5. Oxygen and nutrients diffuse across placenta
  6. Allows antibodies from mother
  7. Prevents blood mixing
  8. Prevents pathogen
38
Q

Function of amniotic sac

A
  1. Prevents entry of pathogens
  2. Secrets amniotic fluid
  3. Covers entire foetus
39
Q

Function of amniotic fluids

A
  1. Foetus floats in fluid
  2. Act as cushion against bumps
  3. Keeps baby in gravity free space
  4. Pressure free space
  5. Prevents drying out
40
Q

Function of umbilical cord

A
  1. Connection between foetus and placenta

2. Carries blood to and from foetus

41
Q

Effect of tobacco on foetus

A
  1. CO causes stunted growth
  2. CO binds with haemoglobin
  3. More susceptible to respiratory infections
42
Q

Effects of nicotine

A
  1. Causes blood vessels to constrict
  2. Reduces oxygen transport
  3. Causes premature babies
  4. Increases risk of miscarriage
43
Q

Effects if alcohol

A
  1. Causes fetal alcohol syndrome
  2. Brain is under developed
  3. Reduced growth
  4. Heart defects
  5. Causes cleft palates and hare lips
44
Q

Effect of opiate drugs

A
  1. Cause addiction

2. Causes limb deformities

45
Q

Nutrition of mother during pregnancy

A
  1. Balanced diet
  2. Sufficient protein
  3. Calcium
  4. Vitamin A, C, D
  5. Iron, phosphorus, fibre
46
Q

Structure and function of testes

A
  1. Situated in scrotum
  2. Produces spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules
  3. The interstital cells produces testosterone
92
Q

Process of normal birth

A
  1. Few weeks before birth foetus turns upside down
  2. His head lies next to the cervix
  3. Contraction push foetus to cervix
  4. Cervix opening starts to dilate
  5. The contractions are now more forcefully and frequent
93
Q

Process of Caesarian birth

A
  1. The baby is surgically removed from the womb
94
Q

Advantages of breast feeding

A
  1. Most suitable food
  2. Always correct temperature
  3. Contains antibodies
  4. Always available
  5. Digested more easily
  6. Contains no additives
95
Q

Contraception : chemical

A
  1. Contraceptive pills
  2. Spermicides cream
  3. Injection - the shot
96
Q

Contraceptive : mechanical

A
  1. Female diaphragm
  2. Intra uterine device
  3. Male condom
  4. Female condom
97
Q

Contraceptives : natural

A
  1. Rhythm method

2. Withdrawal method

98
Q

Contraceptives : surgical

A
  1. Vasectomy

2. Tubal ligation

Biology (40 decks)

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