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Biology > Chapter 21 - Nervous Control And Drugs > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Nervous Control And Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Coordinating systems

A
  • nervous systems

- endocrine system

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2
Q

The human nervous system

A
  • consist of two parts - the CNS and the PNS
  • CNS consist of brain and spinal Cord and PNS consist of nerves
  • the NS consist of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
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3
Q

Define nerve cells

A

Are special cells that are adapted to conduct messages in form of electrical signals though the nervous system

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4
Q

Structure and function of motor nerve cells

A
  • found between CNS and effector
  • has cell body at the end
  • has very long axon along impulses travel
  • has a fatty myelin sheath to insulate and prevent leakage
  • have Schwann cells which produce the myelin sheath
  • nodes of Ranvier which increase speed
  • have dendrites which transmits impulses to the cell body
  • function : conduct electrical impulses from CNS to muscles
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5
Q

Structure and function of sensory nerve cells

A
  • found between receptors and CNS
  • has cell body more to the middle
  • has short axon along which impulses travel away from cell body
  • have a long dendron along which impulses travel to the cell body
  • has a fatty myelin sheath to prevent leakage
  • have Schwann cells that produces the myelin sheath
  • the node of Ranvier speed up impulses
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6
Q

Describe effectors in terms of muscle and glands

A
  • effectors respond to stimuli
  • receive impulses from motor nerve cell
  • ensures the correct response will take place
  • muscles contract and relax to cause the correct movement
  • while glands secrete the correct hormones
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7
Q

Reflex actions

A
  • happens without you thinking about it
  • serves as a protective system against injury
  • a rapid response
  • an automatic response
  • an inborn response
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8
Q

Reflex arc

A
  • stimulus received by receptor
  • stimulus converted to nerve impulse
  • impulse conduct along sensory nerve
  • impulse conducted from sensory along relay neuron to motor nerve
  • motor conducts impulse to effector
  • effector makes correct response
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9
Q

Structure of the synapse

A
  • the point where two ends meet
  • consist of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron
  • neurons do not touch, have small gap called the synaptic cleft
  • presynaptic contains vesicles with neurotransmitters, many mitochondria to release energy and a presynaptic membrane
  • postsynaptic has postsynaptic membranes and has receptor sites
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10
Q

Transmission of nerve impulses across synapse

A
  • impulses reach synaptic knob of presynaptic
  • Calcium channels open in presynaptic
  • Ca ions enter presynaptic
  • vesicles with neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) move towards presynaptic
  • vesicles fuse with membrane and release neurotransmitters into cleft
  • diffuses across cleft
  • neurotransmitters bind with receptor proteins on postsynaptic
  • receptor changes shape, channels open and sodium ions enter postsynaptic
  • postsynaptic becomes depolarised
  • nerve impulse generated in postsynaptic
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11
Q

Define drugs

A
  • chemical substances that affects the CNS causing changes in behaviour and addiction
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12
Q

Effects of opiate drugs at synapses

A
  • blocks neurotransmitters from being released
  • fewer impulses reach effector
  • feels numb and sleepy
  • can be used as pain killers
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13
Q

Define a sense organ

A
  • groups of special receptor cells which detects changes
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14
Q

Name sense organ and sense that is stimulated by light

A
  • eye

- sight

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15
Q

Name the sense organ and stimulus associated with hearing

A
  • ear

- sound

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16
Q

Name the stimulus and sense of the nose

A
  • chemicals

- smelling

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17
Q

Name the sense organ and sense stimulated by chemicals

A
  • tongue

- tasting

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18
Q

What sense organ is affected by temperature and pressure

A
  • the skin
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19
Q

Study structure of the eye

A

Page 364

Yeah you heard me !

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20
Q

Function of the sclera

A

Protects delicate Inner structures and provide attachment of muscle which moves the eye

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21
Q

Function of eye muscles

A

It moves the eyeball, holds it in place in the sockets

22
Q

Function of the cornea

A

Allows light to enter and helps bend light

23
Q

The conjunctiva

A

Prevents friction during blinking

24
Q

Function of choroid

A

Reduces reflection inside the eye

25
Q

What controls the curvature of the lens for near and far distant vision ?

A

The ciliary body

26
Q

The suspensory ligaments

A

Holds the lens in position

27
Q

Function of the iris

A

Forms the pupil and controls the size of the pupil

28
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

I don’t know, you tell me

29
Q

What releases impulses when stimulated by light

A

The retina !!

30
Q

Function of the yellow spot

A

Responsible for very sharp vision

31
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve

A

Transmits impulses from the retina to the visual cortex of the cerebrum

32
Q

The blind spot

A

Blood vessels enter and leave the eye at this spot

33
Q

Fiction of the aqueous humour

A

Helps maintain curved shape of the cornea

34
Q

The vitreous humour

A

Maintains the shape of the eye

35
Q

Focusing on nearby objects

A
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • tension in suspensory muscles reduced
  • lens has high elasticity
  • lens becomes more convex
  • causes more refraction of light
36
Q

Focusing on distant objects

A
  • The ciliary muscles relax
  • more tension in suspensory ligaments
  • the lens becomes less convex
  • less refraction of light
37
Q

The pupil reflex in bright light

A
  • the circular muscles contract
  • the radial muscles relax
  • iris becomes larger and pupil constricts
  • stops too much light from entering
38
Q

The pupil reflex in dim light

A
  • the circular muscles relax
  • radial muscles contract
  • iris becomes smaller and pupil dilates
  • lets more light in
39
Q

Describe the structure of retina

A
  • possesses photoreceptors
  • there are two types : rods and cones
  • convert light energy into chemical energy
  • cones found in centre of retina mainly in yellow spot
  • cones found in peripheral area
40
Q

Function of cones

A
  • work in bright light
  • it detects colour
  • each cone is linked to one neuron and gives very sharp image
  • cones more sensitive to light
41
Q

Function of rods

A
  • work in dim light
  • don’t detect colour
  • groups of rods are linked to one neuron does not give sharp image
42
Q

Study table on page 371

A

Table shows differences between Rods and cones

43
Q

Voluntary actions

A
  • can be controlled
  • involves decision
  • not automatic
44
Q

Involuntary actions

A
  • actions which can’t be controlled
  • it’s automatic
  • no thought required
45
Q

True or false :Antagonistic muscles works in pairs

A

True

46
Q

Antagonistic muscles

A
  • are voluntary
  • one contacts and the other relaxes
  • the muscles pull on the tendons to move the bones
47
Q

Effects and dangers of alcohol abuse

A
  • lead to drinking and driving
  • cause irreversible destruction to liver cells
  • is a dehydrating agent
  • lead to blockage of capillaries
  • lead to short term memory loss
48
Q

Effects and dangers of dagga abuse

A
  • easily develops mental dependence
  • cause hallucinations
  • causes paranoia
  • acts as depressant drug
  • increases heart rate
  • can cause sterility
  • contains carcinogens
49
Q

Effects of nicotine abuse

A
  • highly addictive
  • reduces diameter of arterioles
  • increases heart rate
  • increases stickiness to blood platelets and increases risk for blood clots
50
Q

Abuse of heroine

A
  • causes feeling of pleasure
  • due to use of needles can cause hepatitis and HIV
  • can cause death
  • can lead to respiratory failure
  • veins can collapse

Biology (40 decks)

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