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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 6- Depression and Mood > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Depression and Mood Flashcards

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1
Q

Major Depressive Episode

A

Extremely depressed mood state that lasts for 2+ weeks with cognitive and physical symptoms
Characterized by loss of interest and pleasure

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2
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of interest and pleasure

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3
Q

Manic Episode

A

A distinct period of elevated mood with extreme pleasure, hyperactivity, little need for sleep, extremely goal-oriented, and flight of ideas with delusions of grandeur lasting over 1 week
See no problems with behavior

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4
Q

Hypomania

A

Less severe episode than mania that lasts 4 days or more without delusions

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5
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Presence of major depressive episode lasting 4-5 months without mania

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6
Q

Recurrent mood disorders

A

Presence of 2+ major episodes with at least 2 months between episodes

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7
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

Like major depression with less symptoms and unchanged intensity for long periods; symptoms last for over 2 years

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8
Q

Double depression

A

Experience of major depressive episodes with persistent depressive disorder between episodes

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9
Q

Natural Grief

A

Experience of depressive symptoms- Anxiety, numbness, denial- following loss; Usually lasts 6 months - 1 year

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10
Q

Integrated Grief

A

Later stages of grief
Acknowledgment of finality of death and consequences
Positive, bittersweet memories no longer dominate thoughts
Can recur, typically around significant dates

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11
Q

Complicated grief

A

Abnormal or prolonged grief that becomes disorder
Persistent feelings of acute grief
Share risk factors with mood disorders

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12
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

A

Severe mood changes during the premenstrual period for 2-5% of the population
NOT Premenstrual symptoms (PMS; 20-40%)
Physical symptoms, mood swings, and anxiety

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13
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A

Chronic childhood negative mood (anger/irritability) without mania
Frequent outbursts with negative mood between
Increased risk for depressive and anxious episodes later in life

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14
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

Alternation between depressive and manic episodes

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15
Q

Bipolar I

A

Major depression alternates with manic episodes
Onset 15-18

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16
Q

Bipolar II

A

Major depression alternates with hypomania, no full manic episodes
Progresses into Bipolar I in 10-25% of cases
Onset 19-22

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17
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

Mild and chronic bipolar disorder that doesn’t reach severity for either major depressive or hypomanic episodes
Must last 2 or more years (1 in children)
Onset 12-14

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18
Q

Onset of Bipolar Disorders

A

Preceded by minor oscillations in mood
Chronic course with high risk of suicide
Highly treatable with lithium

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19
Q

Mood Disorder Prevalence Rates

A

Any Mood: 16% lifetime; 6% annual
Dysthymia and Chronic Major Depression- 3.5% lifetime and annual
Bipolar- 1% lifetime and 0.8% annual

20
Q

Gender Ratio for Mood Disorders

A

Women > Men 2:1 for MDD and Dysthymia
Women = Men for bipolar disorders

21
Q

Age and Major Depression

A

Peaks in adolescence and older adults; Low in childhood and middle adulthood

22
Q

Biological Dimensions of Mood Disorders

A

37% heritability
Risk factors for MDD- Cognitive/Psychomotor, Mood, and Melancholy
Decreased non-REM sleep
Low serotonin in relation to norepinephrine and dopamine
Dopamine associated with mania
High levels of cortisol and HPA axis activity
Depression associated with Hippocampus

23
Q

Psychological Dimensions of Mood Disorders

A

Stressful life events
Learned helplessness
Negative Cognitive Styles

24
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Stable, internal, global depressive attitude that develops into hopelessness about life; Major theory of depression

25
Q

Depressive Cognitive Triad

A

Negative cognitive errors about self, immediate world, and future

26
Q

Negative cognitive errors

A

Arbitrary interference- Emphasize negative aspects over positives
Overgeneralizations- Taking one piece of information to logical extreme

27
Q

Sociocultural Dimensions of Mood Disorders

A

Interpersonal stress
Gender roles and expectations
Social support helps prevent depression

28
Q

Applied Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Biological and Psychological Vulnerabilities are triggered by stressful life events to trigger mood disorders

29
Q

Classes of Antidepressants

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Mixed Reuptake Inhibitors
Tricyclic Reuptake Inhibitors
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAO)

30
Q

SSRIs

A

Increase serotonin levels
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Side effects- Low sex drive, insomnia, upset stomach, physical agitation

31
Q

Mixed Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
Reduced side effects
Venlafaxine (Effexor)

32
Q

Tricyclic Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Imipramine (Tofranil) and Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Causes norepinephrine to pool in synapse and cause down-regulation
Severe Side effects- Blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, UTI, drowsiness, weight gain
Not used anymore

33
Q

MAO Inhibitors

A

Blocks MAO enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin, causing neurotransmitters to pool in synapse
Fewer side effects as tricyclics with same effectiveness
Dangerous drug combinations- only used in severe cases

34
Q

Lithium Carbonate

A

Mood stabilizer used to treat BPD
High side effects, toxicity, hypothyroidism, and weight gain

35
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

Treatment for drug-resistant depression with controlled seizure

36
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Deliver electromagnetic pulse to brain; similar effectiveness to drugs

37
Q

Psychological Mood Disorder Treatment Methods

A

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)- Beck
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

38
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Recognize depressive errors of thinking and work through triggers
Interpersonal and problem-solving skills
Effective in preventing relapse

39
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

Resolve relationship issues and learn to form new relationships
Interpersonal issues covered- Role disputes, adjusting to loss, acquiring new relationships, and deficits in social skills

40
Q

Stages of Interpersonal Disputes

A

1) Negotiation- Both aware and working toward negotiation
2) Impasse- No attempts at resolution; Resentment high
3) Resolution

41
Q

Types of Prevention efforts

A

Universal- Everyone receives
Selected- At risk individuals receive
Indicated- Those showing symptoms receive

42
Q

Psychological Treatment for Bipolar Disoder

A

Major goal- Keep patients on medication during mania
Treat psychosocial with IPT with family focus

43
Q

Suicide Terminology

A

Ideation- Seriously thinking about suicide (9.2%)
Planning- Making plan rooted in reality (3.1%)
Attempt- Person survives (2.7%)

44
Q

Types of Suicide

A

Altruistic- Dishonorable and socially approved of
Egotistic- Loss of social support
Anomic- Marked life disruptions
Fatalistic- Loss of control over life

45
Q

Suicide risk factors

A

Family history
Low serotonin
Existing disorders
Hopelessness
Alcohol abuse
Impulsivity

46
Q

Suicide Prevention and Treatment

A

Assess suicidal ideation and planning
Forced hospitalization
Educational programs
Crisis intervention and hotlines
CBT

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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