Chapter 11- Personality Disorders

Question 1

Personality Disorders

Answer 1

Persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that result in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or others that may cause difficulties in work or relationships
~10% of the general population worldwide

Question 2

Personality Disorder Development

Answer 2

Originate in childhood and persist into adulthood
Can remit over time and/or be replaced with other personality disorders
Criteria are similar, leading to significant overlap and comorbidities

Question 3

Cluster A personality Disorders

Answer 3

Odd or eccentric presentations
Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
Share features with psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia

Question 4

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Answer 4

Dramatic, emotional, and erratic
Antisocial, histrionic, borderline, and narcissistic

Question 5

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Answer 5

Anxious and Fearful
Share features with anxiety disorders
Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

Question 6

Paranoid Personality Disorder Description

Answer 6

Key belief- I cannot trust others
Extreme distrust and suspicion of others can interfere with meaningful relationships
Argumentative, complaining, or quiet
Sensitive to criticism and need autonomy

Question 7

Paranoid Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Answer 7

Caused by genetic relation to schizophrenia
Negative cognitive schema and cultural differences
Treated by CBT and promoting trust

Question 8

Schizoid Personality Disorder Description

Answer 8

Key belief- Relationships are messy and undesirable
Do not desire or enjoy closeness with others
Pattern of detachment from social relationships with limited range of emotions
Does not cause distress

Question 9

Schizoid Personality Disorder Causes and Treatments

Answer 9

Caused by childhood shyness, abuse, and/or neglect
Maybe autism
Treated with social skills training and pointing out value in relationships

Question 10

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Description

Answer 10

Key belief- Its better to be isolated from others
Suspicious, isolated, and odd beliefs and behaviors that are similar to schizophrenia
Psychotic-like symptoms and social deficits
Magical thinking and unusual perception

Question 11

Schizotypal Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Answer 11

Caused by relation to schizophrenia with similar genetic vulnerabilities
Childhood mistreatment and left hemisphere damage
Treated like depression or schizophrenia- Antipsychotics, community treatment, social skills, and CBT

Question 12

Antisocial Personality Disorder Description

Answer 12

Key belief- I am entitled to break rules
Superficial charm, grandiosity, pathological lying, conning, manipulative, lack remorse or empathy
Follows conduct disorder
Fail to comply with social norms, impulsive, and deceitful

Question 13

Antisocial Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Answer 13

Genetic influence, instability in childhood
Coercive family processes- Child learns to get their way by throwing tantrum
Fearlessness and under-arousal hypotheses
Imbalance between behavioral inhibition and reward systems
Treated with incarceration, CBT, and high-risk childhood interventions

Question 14

Histrionic Personality Disorder Description

Answer 14

Female alternate to ASPD
Key belief- People are there to serve or admire me
Exaggerated emotions
Vain, self-centered, and need for attention and approval
Impressionistic and vague

Question 15

Histrionic Causes and Treatment

Answer 15

Relationship with antisocial personality disorder
Treated with therapy to focus on interpersonal relationships

Question 16

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Description

Answer 16

Key belief- Since I am special, I deserve special rules
An exaggerated sense of self-importance with preoccupation with themselves
Lack sensitivity and compassion for others

Question 17

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Answer 17

Lack proper socialization and empathy development
CBT focusing on grandiosity, hypersensitivity, and lack of empathy

Question 18

Borderline Personality Disorder Description

Answer 18

Key belief- I deserve to be punished
Fear of abandonment
Unstable mood, relationships, and self-image
Impulsive and self-destructive
Intense mood swings
Depressed, suicidal, and hopeless

Question 19

Borderline Causes and Treatment

Answer 19

Genetic- Serotonin system disturbances
Negative memory or cognitive biases
Childhood trauma and mistreatment
Treated with Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Question 20

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Answer 20

Priority treatment of self-harming behaviors
Treat behaviors harming therapy
Treat behaviors impacting quality of life
Teach how to identify and regulate emotions, problem solve, and self-trust

Question 21

Avoidant Personality Disorder Description

Answer 21

Key belief- If people knew me, they would reject me
Avoid social relationships due to overwhelming anxiety
Feel chronically rejected and pessimisted

Question 22

Avoidant Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Answer 22

Difficult temperament and early childhood rejection
Low self-esteem and social alienation
Treated by CBT with therapeutic alliance

Question 23

Dependent Personality Disorder Description

Answer 23

Key belief- I need others to survive and be happy
Reliance on others to make ordinary and important decisions
Submissive, timid, passive, clingy, need reassurance

Question 24

Dependent Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Answer 24

Disruption in gaining independence
CBT focusing on building self-confidence slowly; not attaching to therapist

Question 25

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Description

Answer 25

Key belief- People should do better
Fixation of the proper way of doing things
Rigid, poor interpersonal relationships

Question 26

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Answer 26

Genetic, predisposed to favor structure
Treated with CBT focusing on fear of disorder and chaos
Similar treatment to OCD