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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 13- Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Neurologically based disorders that clinically present during the developmental period that persist through adulthood

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2
Q

Childhood Communication and Motor Disorders

A

Childhood-onset fluency disorder
Language Disorder
Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
Tourette’s Disorder

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3
Q

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder

A

Stuttering
Disturbance in speech fluency that includes repetition, prolonging sounds, pauses, and substituting words
Boys > Girls 2:1
Caused by genetics and impacts many brain pathways
Treated by parent counseling, self-monitoring, and regulated breathing to prevent stuttering

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4
Q

Language Disorder

A

Limited speech in all situations, spoken language is much less than what is understood
10-15% fo all children less than 3, 5x more likely in boys
Caused by lack of speech modelling or ear infection
Many self-correct without treatment

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5
Q

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

A

Difficulties with social aspects of verbal and non-verbal communication
“Autism without restrictive, repetitive behaviors”
Includes impaired verbosity and prosody; excessive switching of topics and dominating conversations
Treated with social skills training

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6
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

A

Involuntary tics- Motor movements or vocalizations that occur in rapid succession
High comorbidity with ADHD and OCD
Treated psychologically with self-monitoring, relaxation, and habit reversal

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7
Q

ADHD Description

A

Problems of Inattention- Difficulty sustaining attention on task or activity
Motor hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Must have inattention or hyperactivity&impulsivity for diagnosis
Leads to low academic performance and social rejection

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8
Q

ADHD statistics

A

5.2% of the child population
Boys 2-3x more likely than girls
Presents young, hinders performance starting in school
Over half are chronic to adulthood

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9
Q

ADHD causes

A

Genetics- Copy number variants of many genes
Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA systems
Poor inhibition control
Prenatal smoking, stress, and complicated pregnancy
Smaller brain volume
Negate childhood experiences

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10
Q

ADHD Treatments

A

Psychosocial-
Academic goal setting and reinforcement
CBT and social skills training to reduce distractibility and improve organization
Biological-
Stimulants (methylphenidate)
Non-stimulants
Reinforce attention and problem solving abilities in low doses

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11
Q

Specific Learning Disorder Description

A

The discrepancy between IQ and performance based on age, IQ, and education
Subtypes in reading, writing, and math
Diagnose by comparing test scores or by the response to intervention strategies
Impacts 5-15% of population

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12
Q

Communication Disorders

A

Closely related to specific learning disorder
Child-onset fluency disorder and language disorders

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13
Q

Specific learning disorder causes

A

Genetics
Neurobiological- decreased brain areas associated with tasks
Environmental- Home reading and school habits and cultural expectations
Motivation and psychological reinforcement

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14
Q

Specific learning disorder treatment

A

Educational intervention
Specific skill instruction
Strategy instruction
Direct instruction with strict lesson plans and teaching for mastery

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15
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Description

A

Impairments in social communication and interaction
-Issues with reciprocity and joint attention
-Problems with non-verbal communication
-Lack of initiation and maintenance of social interactions
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
-Maintenance of sameness
-Stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors
Presents in childhood and limits functioning

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16
Q

ASD Statistics

A

Changed based on criteria from DSM 4 to 5
1/68 eight-year-olds (2014)
Male > Female 4-5:1
31% have intellectual disabilities

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17
Q

ASD Causes

A

Psychosocial- Lack of self-awareness
Genetics- Moderate heritability, low oxytocin
Reduced amygdala function

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18
Q

ASD Treatments

A

Focus on enhancing communication and daily skills
Reinforce imitation of speech
Naturalistic teaching, home-focused or with peers
Early intervention

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19
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

Significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains
Difficulty learning and with real-world functioning
IQ less than 70

20
Q

Causes

A

30%- no apparent cause
Environmental, prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, and biological factors

21
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

Extra 21st chromosome
Presents with characteristic facial features, congenital heart malformations, ID
Increased risk with higher maternal age

22
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Abnormal X chromosome structure
Primarily impacts males
Present with hyperactivity, preservative speech, and ID

23
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Inability to breakdown phenylalanine
Can cause ID

24
Q

Intellectual Disability Treatments

A

Skills training- gain independence
Task analysis- Break tasks into component parts
Communication therapy
Support within communities

25
Q

Prevention of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Early intervention
Reduce maternal stress, drug and alcohol use
Genetic screening

26
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders

A

Develop Later in Life
Delirium
Dementia

27
Q

Delerium

A

Impaired consciousness and cognition during the course of several hours or days
Appear confused, disoriented, and out of touch, unable to sustain attention
Gradual impairments in memory and language

28
Q

Delerium Statistics and Causes

A

20% of older adults
Linked with intoxication, withdrawal, infections, head injury and trauma
Caused by substances, dementia, age, sleep deprivation, immobility, and stress

29
Q

Delerium Treatment

A

Address underlying cause (if present)
Substance abuse- Give antipsychotics
Psychosocial intervention to cope with agitation, anxiety, and halluciantions

30
Q

Delerium Prevention

A

Proper care for mental illnesses and drug monitoring

31
Q

Mild Neurocognitive Disorder

A

Early stages of cognitive decline
Modest impairments in cognitive abilities

32
Q

Major Neurocognitive Disorder (dementia)

A

Gradual deterioration of brain functioning that impacts memory, judgement, language, and advanced cognitive processes
Agnosia- Inability to recognize and name objects
Causes emotional and behavioral changes

33
Q

Dementia Statistics

A

More frequent in older adults
Increase with age, especially over 75

34
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Multiple cognitive defects that develop gradually and steadily
Impair memory, orientation, judgment, and reasoning, ability to integrate new information
Cause by plaques and tangles
More prevalent in women

35
Q

Vascular Disease

A

Progressive brain disorder following stroke in which blood vessels no longer carry oxygen to brain
Marked decline in processing speed and executive function

36
Q

Frontotemporal degeneration

A

Impact personality, language, and behavior

37
Q

Pick’s Disease

A

5% of neurocognitive disorders with similar symptoms to alzheimer’s
Caused by genetics with onset in 40s-50s

38
Q

Traumatic brain injury

A

Symptoms persisting over 1 week following trauma
Include executive dysfunction, learning, and memory

39
Q

Lewy body disease

A

2nd most common dementia cause
Microscopic deposits of protein damage brain cells over time
Cause gradual impairments of alertness and attention, hallucinations, and motor impairments similar to Parkinson’s

40
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Degenerative disorder impacting basal ganglia, reducing dopamine production
Characteristic motor impairments like bradykinesia, tremors, jerking, and monotone voice

41
Q

HIV-1 Infections

A

Cause cognitive slowness, impaired attention, and forgetfulness impacting sub-cortical areas independent from other infection
Can cause depression and anxiety

42
Q

Prolonged Substance Abuse

A

Prolonged use, poor diet, and brain damage can combine to form neurocognitive deficits and memory impairments

43
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Subcortical deficits causing chorea (involuntary limb movements) and small cognitive defects

44
Q

Prion Disease

A

Self-replicating proteins that damage brain cells
No current treatments
Creutzeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease

45
Q

Other medical conditions that cause dementia

A

Hydrocephalus
Hypothyroidism
Brain tumors
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Chronic trauma encephalopathy

46
Q

Dementia Treatments

A

Goal- Prevent conditions, delay onset, help impacted and caregivers
Biological treatments-
-Treat conditions with reversible etiology
-Medication to improve cognition (acetylcholine breakdown inhibitors)
-Antidepressants and antipsychotics
Psychosocial treatments:
-coping mechanisms
-cognitive stimulation
-Communication skills

47
Q

Dementia prevention

A

Control blood pressure
Don’t smoke
Active physical and social life

Abnormal Psychology (19 decks)

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