Chapter 2

Question 1

Parts of Multidimensional Approach

Answer 1

Behavioral, Biological, Emotional, Social, or Developmental influences

Question 2

Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 2

Genetic Predisposition (Diathesis) in combination with environmental factors (stressors) contribute to disorders

Question 3

Gene-Environment Correlation model

Answer 3

People with disposition for a disorder (diathesis) also have a tendency to create environmental risk factors, feeding into the likelihood of disorder

Question 4

Epigenetics

Answer 4

Environment alters gene expression early in life
Nature and Nurture

Question 5

Hindbrain

Answer 5

Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum
Controls Automatic activities

Question 6

Midbrain

Answer 6

Controls arousal and attention

Question 7

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Answer 7

Behavior and emotion

Question 8

Limbic system

Answer 8

Emotions and basic desires

Question 9

Basal ganglia

Answer 9

Regulate motor activity

Question 10

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Answer 10

Increase neuron activity

Question 11

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Answer 11

Decrease neuron activity

Question 12

Brain circuits

Answer 12

Neural pathways within the brain

Question 13

Agnostic Drugs

Answer 13

Mimic a neurotransmitter and increase its effect

Question 14

Antagonist Drugs

Answer 14

Block a neurotransmitter and reduce its effects

Question 15

Inverse Agonists

Answer 15

Produce opposite effects to target neurotransmitter

Question 16

Glutamate

Answer 16

Amino acid neurotransmitter
Increases neuron activity

Question 17

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Answer 17

Amino acid neurotransmitter
Inhibits neuron activity

Question 18

Benzodiazepines

Answer 18

Drug that assists GABA activity
Used to treat anxiety

Question 19

Serotonin

Answer 19

Monoamine neurotransmitter
Influences behavior, mood, and information processing
Low serotonin- Less inhibition; Instability, impulsive, overreaction, aggression, overeating, suicide, etc.

Question 20

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

Answer 20

Increase serotonin levels by reducing breakdown between cells
Used to treat anxiety, mood, and eating disorders
Common names: Prozac, Lexapro

Question 21

Norepinephrine

Answer 21

Monoamine Neurotransmitter
Trigger alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors
Controls autonomic nervous system

Question 22

Dopamine

Answer 22

Monoamine neurotransmitter
High dopamine is associated with schizophrenia, addiction, depression, and ADHD
Low dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s Disease
Pleasure-seeking drug

Question 23

Cognitive Science

Answer 23

How we acquire and process information
Very complex learning that depends on the environment

Question 24

Learned Helplessness

Answer 24

When we decide that we have no control over the environment and that actions have no outcome
Causes uncontrollable stress
Outlook on life impacts stress

Question 25

Social learning

Answer 25

Learning by observing others and applying it to one’s own life

Question 26

Prepared learning

Answer 26

Genetic pre-disposition to readily learn certain types of information
Readily learn dangerous or harmful stimuli

Question 27

Unconscious learning

Answer 27

Implicit memories- Those that influence behavior but cannot be recalled
Conditioning can occur without being aware of stimulus

Question 28

Components of Emotions

Answer 28

Behavior, physiology, and cognition

Question 29

Circumplex Model of Emotion

Answer 29

Two Axes- Valence and Arousal can be used to plot all emotions

Question 30

Equifinality

Answer 30

The concept that a behavior or disorder may have several distinct causes that would lead to the same experience