Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure Flashcards
Appositional Growth
The enlargement of a cartilage or bone by the addition of cartilage or bony matrix at its surface.
Bone Tissue
A strong connective tissue containing specialized cells and a mineralized matrix of crystalline calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate; also called osseus tissue.
Calcification
The deposition of calcium salts within a tissue.
Canaliculi
Microscopic passageways between cells; bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts in the liver; in bone, canaliculi permit the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes.
Central Canal
Longitudinal canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves; also called Haversian canal; passageway along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord that contains CSF.
Closed Fracture
Simple fractures are completely internal.
Colles Fracture
A break in the distal portion of the radius, is typically the result of reaching out to cushion a fall.
Comminuted Fractures
Shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments.
Compact Bone
Dense bone that contains parallel osteons.
Compression Fractures
Occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, such as those produced by the forces that arise when you land on your seat in a fall. Compression fractures are often associated with osteoporosis.
Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone.
Displaced Fractures
Produce new and abnormal bone arrangements.
Endochondral Ossification
The replacement of a cartilaginous model with bone; the characteristic mode of formation for skeletal elements other than the bones of the cranium, the clavicles, and sesamoid bones.
Endosteum
An incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surfaces of bones.
Epiphyseal Cartilages
The cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone; also called epiphyseal plate.
Epiphyseal Fractures
Tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying; unless carefully treated, fractures between the epiphysis and the epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop growth at this site.
Epiphysis
The head of a long bone.
Fracture
A break or crack in a bone.
Greenstick Fracture
Only one side of the fracture is broken, and the other is bent. This type of fracture generally occurs in children, whose long bones have yet to ossify fully.
Intramembranous Ossification
The formation of bone within a connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilaginous model.
Lamellae
Concentric layers; the concentric layers of bone within an osteon.
Medullary Cavity
The space within the bone that contains the marrow.
Metaphysis
The region of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis, corresponding to the location of the epiphyseal cartilage of the developing bone.
Nondisplaced Fractures
Retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments.
Open Fracture
Compound fracture projecting through the skin.
Ossification
The formation of bone; osteogenesis.
Osteocytes
A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone.
Osteogenesis
The formation of bone; ossification.
Osteon
The basic histological unit of compact bone, consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae.
Osteoporosis
A reduction in bone mass that causes brittle, fragile bones and compromises normal function.
Parathyroid Glands
Four small glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels decrease below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calcium ion less by the kidneys.
Perforating Canals
Passageways within compact bone that extend perpendicular to the surface.
Periosteum
The layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an out fibrous region and inner cellular region.
Pott’s Fracture
Also called a bimalleolar fracture, occurs at the ankle and affects both the medial malleolus of the distal tibia and the lateral malleolus of the distal fibula.
Sesamoid Bones
A bone that forms within a tendon.
Spiral Fractures
Are produced by a twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone.
Spongy Bone
Bone that consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles a three-dimensional garden lattice.
Trabeculae
A connective tissue partition that subdivides an organ.
Transverse Fractures
Such as this fractures of the ulna, break a bone shaft across its long axis.
Achondroplasia
A disorder of bone growth that causes the most common type of dwarfism.
Bone Marrow Transplant
Transferring healthy bone marrow stem cells from one person into another, replacing bone marrow that is either dysfunctional or has been destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation.
Bone Mineral Density Test (BMD)
A test to predict the risk of bone fractures by measuring how much calcium and other types of minerals are present in the patient’s bones.
Bone Scan
A nuclear scanning test that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown. Used to evaluate damage, find cancer in the bones, and/or monitor the bone’s conditions (including infection and trauma).
Closed Reduction
The correction of a bone fracture by manipulation without incision into the skin.
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorpitometry (DEXA)
Procedure that uses very small amounts of radiation to measure changes in bone density as small as 1%; the test monitors bone density in osteoporosis and osteopenia.
Open Reduction
The correction of a bone fracture by making an incision into the skin and rejoining the fractured bone parts, often by mechanical means such as a rod, plate, or screw.
Orthopedics
The branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
An inherited (genetic) disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones; also called brittle bone disease.
Osteomyelitis
An acute or chronic bone infection.
Osteopetrosis
A rare hereditary bone disorder in which the bones become overly dense; it presents in one of three forms: osteopetrosis tarda, osteopetrosis congenita, and “marble bone” disease”.
Osteosarcoma
A type of cancer that starts in the bones; also called osteogenic sarcoma.
Paget’s Disease
A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged and misshapen bones due to abnormal bone destruction and regrowth.
Traction
The application of a sustained pull on a limb or muscle in order to maintain the position of a fractured bone until healing occurs or to correct a deformity.
