Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

Antacid

Answer 1

A substance used to counteract or neutralize stomach acid.

Question 2

Bicarbonate Loading

Answer 2

In sports, the act of ingesting bicarbonates prior to an athletic event to neutralize acidic by-products produced during strenuous physical activity involving anaerobic metabolism.

Question 3

Enema

Answer 3

A procedure in which a liquid or gas is injected into the rectum, usually with the intention of having the rectum dispel its contents, but sometimes used as a way to introduce drugs or to permit x-ray imaging.

Question 4

Fluid Replacement Therapy

Answer 4

Procedure conducted with the intent to replace body fluids lost due to disease or restricted intake; or to maintain a higher-than-normal rate of fluid excretion to ensure the removal of toxins; or possibly to administer therapeutic or anesthetic agents slowly over time.

Question 5

Potassium Adaptation

Answer 5

The tolerance to increasing amounts of potassium.

Question 6

Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH (SIADH)

Answer 6

A condition associated with excessive ADH secretion that results in the excretion of concentrated urine. It disturbs fluid and electrolyte balance, and causes nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, confusion, and convulsions. This syndrome can occur with some forms of cancer, such as small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and Hodgkin disease, and possibly due to a number of other disorders.

Question 7

Total Body Water

Answer 7

The sum of fluids within all compartments.

Question 8

Acidosis

Answer 8

An abnormal physiological state characterized by blood pH below 7.35.

Question 9

Aldosterone

Answer 9

A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and water, secreted in response to the presence of angiotensin II.

Question 10

Alkalosis

Answer 10

The condition characterized by a blood pH greater than 7.45; associated with a relative deficiency of hydrogen ions or an excess of bicarbonate ions.

Question 11

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 11

A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); causes the kidneys to retain water and an increase in blood pressure.

Question 12

Bicarbonate Ions

Answer 12

HCO3-; anion component of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

Question 13

Buffer System

Answer 13

Interacting compounds that prevent increases or decreases in the pH of body fluids; includes the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system, and the protein buffer system.

Question 14

Buffer

Answer 14

A compound that stabilizes the pH of a solution by removing or releasing hydrogen ions.

Question 15

Dehydration

Answer 15

A reduction in the water content of the body that threatens homeostasis.

Question 16

Electrolytes

Answer 16

Soluble inorganic compounds whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution.

Question 17

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Answer 17

All body fluids other than the contained within cells; includes plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 18

Hypercapnia

Answer 18

High blood carbon dioxide concentrations, commonly as a result of hypoventilation or inadequate tissue perfusion.

Question 19

Hypocapnia

Answer 19

An abnormally low blood Pco2; commonly results from hyperventilation.

Question 20

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Answer 20

The cytosol.

Question 21

Ketoacidosis

Answer 21

A condition characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to the presence of large numbers of ketone bodies.

Question 22

Natriuretic Peptides

Answer 22

Hormones released by specialized cardiac muscle cells when they are stretched by an abnormally large venous return; promotes fluid loss and reductions in blood pressure and in venous return. Includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).