Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Org Flashcards
Autopsy
An examination of a dead body to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease.
Biopsy
An examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of disease.
Cachexia
Weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness.
Carcinoma
A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs.
Immunotherapy
The prevention or treatment of disease with substances that stimulate the immune response.
Lesion
A region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage from injury or disease; a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumor, for example.
Metaplasia
A reversible structural change that alters the character of a tissue.
Pathologist
A physician who specializes in the study of disease process in tissue and blood fluids.
Remission
Abatement, ending, or lessening in severity of the signs and symptoms of a disease.
Sarcoma
A malignant tumor of connective tissue or other nonepithelial tissue.
Tissue Engineering
The process of growing tissue either inside or outside of a body to be transplanted into a patient or used for testing.
Tissue Rejection
Occurs when a transplant recipient’s immune system attack a transplanted organ or tissue.
Tissue Transplantation
Moving tissues (or organs) from one body and placing them into another body via medical procedures for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged or failing tissue (or organ).
Tumor Grading
A system used to classify cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread.
Tumor Staging
Defining at what point a patient is in the development of a malignant disease when the diagnosis is made.
Xenotransplant
The process of grafting of transplanting organs or tissues between members of different species.
Abscess
A localized collection of pus within a damaged tissue.
Adipocytes
A fat cell.
Adipose Tissue
Loose connective tissue dominated by adipocytes.
Apical Surface
Where the cell is exposed to an internal or external environment.
Apocrine Secretion
A mode of secretion in which the glandular cell sheds portions of its cytoplasm.
Aponeurosis
Broad tendinous sheet(s) that may serve as the origin or insertion of a skeletal muscle.
Appositional Growth
The enlargement of a cartilage or bone by the addition of cartilage or bony matrix at its surface.
Areolar Tissue
Loose connective tissue with an open framework.
Avascular
Without blood vessels.
Axon
The elongated extension of a neuron that conducts an action potential; also called nerve fibers.
Basement Membrane
A layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue.
Basolateral Surfaces
Include both the base (basal surface), where the cell attaches to underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues, and the sides (lateral surfaces), where the cell contracts its neighbors.
Calcified
Consisting of a mixture of calcium salts—primarily calcium phosphate, with lesser amounts of calcium carbonate.
Canaliculi
Microscopic passageways between cells, bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts in the liver; in bone, canaliculi permit the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes.
Cardiac Muscle Tissues
Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; calls are interconnected by intercalated discs. Location: Heart. Functions: Circulates blood, maintains blood pressure.
Cartilage
A connective tissue with a gelatinous matrix that contains an abundance of fibers.
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Large areas of opposing plasma membranes are interconnected by transmembrane proteins which bind to each other and to extracellular materials.
Cell Body
The body of a neuron; also called a soma.
Cell Junctions
Specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials.
Chondrocytes
A cartilage cell.
Chondriotin Sulfates
The predominant proteoglycan in cartilage, responsible for the gelatinous consistency of the matrix.
Collagen Fibers
Strong, insoluble protein fibers common in connective tissues.
Connective Tissue
One of the four primary tissue types; provides a structural framework that stabilizes the relative positions of the other tissue types; includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood; contains cells products, cells, and ground substance.
Cuboidal Epithelium
Cells that resemble hexagonal boxes from their apical surfaces.
Cutaneous Membrane
The epidermis and papillary layer of the dermis.
Deep Fascia
Consists of sheets of dense regular connective tissue; the organization of the fibers is like that of a sheet of plywood.
Dendrites
A sensory process of a neuron.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Fibers that form an interwove mesh-work in no consistent pattern; these tissues strengthen and support areas subjected to stresses from many directions.
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
The collagen fibers are parallel to each other, packed tightly, and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue.
Desmosome
A cellular junction made of glycoprotein that provides attachment and stability between epithelial cells and in the intercalated disks of cardiac muscle.
Duct
A passageway that delivers exocrine secretions to an epithelial surface.
Elastic Cartilage
Is extremely resilient and flexible because it contains numerous elastic fibers.
Elastic Fibers
Contain the protein elastin; are branched and wavy; after stretching, they return to their original length.
Elastic Tissue
Is a dense regular connective tissue made up mainly of elastic fibers.
Endocrine Gland
A gland that secretes hormones into the blood.
Endothelium
The simple squamous epithelial cells that line blood and lymphatic vessels.
Epithelia
Layers of cells that cover external or line internal surfaces.
Epithelial Tissue
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands.
Exocrine Glands
A gland that secretes onto the body surface or into a passageway connected to the exterior.
Fasciae
Connective tissue fibers, primarily collagen, that form sheets or bands beneath the skin to attach, stabilize, enclose, and separate muscles and other internal organs.
Fibroblasts
Cells of connective tissue proper that produce extracellular fibers and secrete the organic substances of the extracellular matrix.
Fibrocytes
Mature fibroblasts; maintain connective tissue fibers of connective tissue proper.
Fibrocartilage
Cartilage containing an abundance of collagen fibers; located around the edges of joint, in the intervertebral discs, and the menisci of the knee; also referred to as fibrous cartilage.
Fluid Connective Tissues
Have distinctive populations of cells suspended in a watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins. The only two types are blood and lymph.
Gap Junction
Connections between cells that permit electrical coupling.
Glands
Cells that produce exocrine and endocrine secretions.
Glandular Epithelia
Epithelia that contain gland cells that are specialized for secretion.
Goblet Cell
A goblet-shaped, mucus-producing, unicellular gland in certain epithelia of the digestive and respiratory tracts; they are called goblet cells in the mucosa of the small intestine, large intestine, terminal bronchioles, and conjunctiva; they are called mucous cells when they are found in the stomach mucosa, respiratory mucosa, and salivary glands.
Ground Substance
Fills spaces between cells and surrounds connective tissue fibers.
Heparin
An anticoagulant released by activated basophils and mast cells.
Histamine
The chemical released by stimulated mast cells or basophils to initiate or enhance inflammation.
Histology
The study of tissues.
Holocrine Secretion
A form of exocrine secretion in which the secretory cell becomes swollen with vesicles and then ruptures.
Hormones
A chemical that is secreted by one cell and travels through the bloodstream to affect the activities of cells in another part of the body.
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; is tough but somewhat flexible because its matrix contains closely packed collagen fibers.
Inflammation (or Inflammatory Process)
A nonspecific defense mechanism that operates at the tissue level; characterized by swelling, redness, heat (warmth), pain, and sometimes loss of function.
Intercalated Discs
Regions where adjacent cardiac muscle cells interlock and where gap junctions permit electrical coupling between the cells.
Interstitial Growth
A form of cartilage growth in which the cartilage expands from within through the growth, mitosis, and secretion of chondrocytes in the matrix.
Lacunae
A small pit or cavity.
Lamina Propria
The areolar tissue that underlies a mucous epithelium and forms part of a mucous membrane.
Ligaments
A dense band of connective tissue fibers that attaches one bone to another.
Liposuction
A cosmetic surgical procedure that removes excess or unwanted adipose tissue.
Lumen
The central space within a duct or other internal passageway.
Lymph
The fluid contents of lymphatic vessels, similar in composition to interstitial fluid.
Lymphocytes
A cell of the lymphatic system that plays a role in the immune response.
Macrophage
A phagocytic cell of the monocyte-macrophage system.
Mast Cells
A connective tissue cell that, when stimulated, releases histamine, serotonin, and heparin, initiating the inflammatory response.
Matrix
The extracellular fibers are ground substance of a connective tissue.
Melanin
The red-yellow or brown-black pigments produced by the melanocytes of the skin.
Melanocyte
A specialized cell in the deeper layers of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin; responsible for the production of melanin.
Merocrine Secretion
A method of secretion in which the cell ejects materials from secretory vesicles through exocytosis.
Mesenchymal Cells
Stem cells that are present in many connective tissues. Respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells.
Mesenchyme
Embryonic or fetal connective tissue.
Mesothelium
A simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs.
Microphage
Neutrophils and eosinophils.
Mucous Connective Tissue
Or Wharton’s Jelly, a loose connective tissue found in many parts of the embryo, including the umbilical cord.
Mucous Membranes (or Mucossae)
A mucous membrane; the epithelium plus the lamina propria; also called the mucous membrane.
Mucus
A lubricating fluid that is composed of water and mucins and is produced by unicellular and multicellular glands along the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Multicellular Glands
Include glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions.
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
A secretory sheet, in which gland cells form an epithelium that releases secretions into an inner compartment.
Muscle Fibers
A contractile organ composed of muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, connective tissues, and lymphatic vessels.
Muscle Tissue
A tissue characterized by the presence of cells capable of contraction; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues.
Necrosis
The death of cells or tissues from disease or injury.
Nervous Tissue
Is specialized for the propagation (movement) of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another.
Neuroglia
Cells of the CNS and PNS that support and protect neurons; also called glial cells.
Osteocytes
A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone.
Perichondrium
The layer that surrounds a cartilage, consisting of an out fibrous region and an inner cellular region.
Periosteum
The layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an outer fibrous region and inner cellular region.
Plasma Cells
An activated B cell that secretes antibodies.
Plasma
The fluid ground substance of whole blood; what remains after the cells have been removed from a sample of whole blood.
Polarity
Refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
An epithelium that contains several layers of nuclei but whose cells are all in contact with the underlying basement membrane.
Pus
An accumulation of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue.
Regeneration
Is a repair process that restores normal functions after inflammation has subsided.
Reticular Fibers
Thinner than collagen fibers, reticular fibers form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough, yet flexible.
Reticular Tissue
Functions: Provides supporting frameworks. Location: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
Serosa
A squamous epithelium and the underlying loose connective tissue; the lining of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities; also called a serosa.
Serous Membranes
A squamous epithelium and the underlying loose connective tissue; the lining of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities; also called a serosa.
Simple Columnar Epithelial
Functions-Protection, secretion, absorption.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Functions-Limited protection, secretion, and absorption.
Simple Epithelium
An epithelium containing a single layer of cells superficial to the basement membrane.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
A contractile organ of the muscular system.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue in the walls of many visceral organs; characterized as nonstriated, involuntary muscle.
Squamous Epithelium
An epithelium whose superficial cells are flattened and platelike.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Function-Protection.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Functions-Lining of some ducts (rare).
Stratified Epithelium
An epithelium containing several layers.
Stratitied Squamous Epithelium
Functions: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack.
Subserous Fascia
A layer of areolar tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membranes that line true body cavities.
Superficial Fascia
Or subcutaneous layer; layer of areolar and adipose tissue separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs; also provides insulation and padding, and lets the skin and underlying structures move independently.
Supporting Connective Tissues
: Protect soft tissues and support weight of part or all of the body.
Synovial Fluid
The substance secreted by synovial membranes that lubricates joints.
Synovial Membrane
An incomplete layer of fibroblasts confronting the synovial cavity, plus the underlying loos connective tissue.
Tendons
A collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton.
Tight Junction
Connection between cells formed by the fusion of membrane proteins.
Tissues
Collections of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions.
Transitional Epithelium
Permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage.
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
Consist of single cells called goblet cells that are specialized for secretion.
Unicellular Glands
Mucous cells.
