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Biology 201 and 202 Vocab > Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Org > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissue Level of Org Flashcards

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1
Q

Autopsy

A

An examination of a dead body to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease.

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2
Q

Biopsy

A

An examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of disease.

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3
Q

Cachexia

A

Weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness.

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4
Q

Carcinoma

A

A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs.

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5
Q

Immunotherapy

A

The prevention or treatment of disease with substances that stimulate the immune response.

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6
Q

Lesion

A

A region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage from injury or disease; a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumor, for example.

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7
Q

Metaplasia

A

A reversible structural change that alters the character of a tissue.

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8
Q

Pathologist

A

A physician who specializes in the study of disease process in tissue and blood fluids.

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9
Q

Remission

A

Abatement, ending, or lessening in severity of the signs and symptoms of a disease.

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10
Q

Sarcoma

A

A malignant tumor of connective tissue or other nonepithelial tissue.

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11
Q

Tissue Engineering

A

The process of growing tissue either inside or outside of a body to be transplanted into a patient or used for testing.

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12
Q

Tissue Rejection

A

Occurs when a transplant recipient’s immune system attack a transplanted organ or tissue.

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13
Q

Tissue Transplantation

A

Moving tissues (or organs) from one body and placing them into another body via medical procedures for the purpose of replacing the recipient’s damaged or failing tissue (or organ).

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14
Q

Tumor Grading

A

A system used to classify cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread.

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15
Q

Tumor Staging

A

Defining at what point a patient is in the development of a malignant disease when the diagnosis is made.

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16
Q

Xenotransplant

A

The process of grafting of transplanting organs or tissues between members of different species.

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17
Q

Abscess

A

A localized collection of pus within a damaged tissue.

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18
Q

Adipocytes

A

A fat cell.

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19
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Loose connective tissue dominated by adipocytes.

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20
Q

Apical Surface

A

Where the cell is exposed to an internal or external environment.

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21
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

A mode of secretion in which the glandular cell sheds portions of its cytoplasm.

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22
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broad tendinous sheet(s) that may serve as the origin or insertion of a skeletal muscle.

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23
Q

Appositional Growth

A

The enlargement of a cartilage or bone by the addition of cartilage or bony matrix at its surface.

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24
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

Loose connective tissue with an open framework.

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25
Q

Avascular

A

Without blood vessels.

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26
Q

Axon

A

The elongated extension of a neuron that conducts an action potential; also called nerve fibers.

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27
Q

Basement Membrane

A

A layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue.

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28
Q

Basolateral Surfaces

A

Include both the base (basal surface), where the cell attaches to underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues, and the sides (lateral surfaces), where the cell contracts its neighbors.

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29
Q

Calcified

A

Consisting of a mixture of calcium salts—primarily calcium phosphate, with lesser amounts of calcium carbonate.

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30
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic passageways between cells, bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts in the liver; in bone, canaliculi permit the diffusion of nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes.

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31
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissues

A

Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; calls are interconnected by intercalated discs. Location: Heart. Functions: Circulates blood, maintains blood pressure.

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32
Q

Cartilage

A

A connective tissue with a gelatinous matrix that contains an abundance of fibers.

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33
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

A

Large areas of opposing plasma membranes are interconnected by transmembrane proteins which bind to each other and to extracellular materials.

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34
Q

Cell Body

A

The body of a neuron; also called a soma.

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35
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extracellular materials.

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36
Q

Chondrocytes

A

A cartilage cell.

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37
Q

Chondriotin Sulfates

A

The predominant proteoglycan in cartilage, responsible for the gelatinous consistency of the matrix.

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38
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Strong, insoluble protein fibers common in connective tissues.

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39
Q

Connective Tissue

A

One of the four primary tissue types; provides a structural framework that stabilizes the relative positions of the other tissue types; includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood; contains cells products, cells, and ground substance.

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40
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Cells that resemble hexagonal boxes from their apical surfaces.

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41
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

The epidermis and papillary layer of the dermis.

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42
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Consists of sheets of dense regular connective tissue; the organization of the fibers is like that of a sheet of plywood.

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43
Q

Dendrites

A

A sensory process of a neuron.

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44
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Fibers that form an interwove mesh-work in no consistent pattern; these tissues strengthen and support areas subjected to stresses from many directions.

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45
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

The collagen fibers are parallel to each other, packed tightly, and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue.

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46
Q

Desmosome

A

A cellular junction made of glycoprotein that provides attachment and stability between epithelial cells and in the intercalated disks of cardiac muscle.

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47
Q

Duct

A

A passageway that delivers exocrine secretions to an epithelial surface.

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48
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Is extremely resilient and flexible because it contains numerous elastic fibers.

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49
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Contain the protein elastin; are branched and wavy; after stretching, they return to their original length.

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50
Q

Elastic Tissue

A

Is a dense regular connective tissue made up mainly of elastic fibers.

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51
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

A gland that secretes hormones into the blood.

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52
Q

Endothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelial cells that line blood and lymphatic vessels.

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53
Q

Epithelia

A

Layers of cells that cover external or line internal surfaces.

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54
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands.

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55
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

A gland that secretes onto the body surface or into a passageway connected to the exterior.

56
Q

Fasciae

A

Connective tissue fibers, primarily collagen, that form sheets or bands beneath the skin to attach, stabilize, enclose, and separate muscles and other internal organs.

57
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells of connective tissue proper that produce extracellular fibers and secrete the organic substances of the extracellular matrix.

58
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Mature fibroblasts; maintain connective tissue fibers of connective tissue proper.

59
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Cartilage containing an abundance of collagen fibers; located around the edges of joint, in the intervertebral discs, and the menisci of the knee; also referred to as fibrous cartilage.

60
Q

Fluid Connective Tissues

A

Have distinctive populations of cells suspended in a watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins. The only two types are blood and lymph.

61
Q

Gap Junction

A

Connections between cells that permit electrical coupling.

62
Q

Glands

A

Cells that produce exocrine and endocrine secretions.

63
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

Epithelia that contain gland cells that are specialized for secretion.

64
Q

Goblet Cell

A

A goblet-shaped, mucus-producing, unicellular gland in certain epithelia of the digestive and respiratory tracts; they are called goblet cells in the mucosa of the small intestine, large intestine, terminal bronchioles, and conjunctiva; they are called mucous cells when they are found in the stomach mucosa, respiratory mucosa, and salivary glands.

65
Q

Ground Substance

A

Fills spaces between cells and surrounds connective tissue fibers.

66
Q

Heparin

A

An anticoagulant released by activated basophils and mast cells.

67
Q

Histamine

A

The chemical released by stimulated mast cells or basophils to initiate or enhance inflammation.

68
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues.

69
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

A form of exocrine secretion in which the secretory cell becomes swollen with vesicles and then ruptures.

70
Q

Hormones

A

A chemical that is secreted by one cell and travels through the bloodstream to affect the activities of cells in another part of the body.

71
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common type of cartilage; is tough but somewhat flexible because its matrix contains closely packed collagen fibers.

72
Q

Inflammation (or Inflammatory Process)

A

A nonspecific defense mechanism that operates at the tissue level; characterized by swelling, redness, heat (warmth), pain, and sometimes loss of function.

73
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Regions where adjacent cardiac muscle cells interlock and where gap junctions permit electrical coupling between the cells.

74
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

A form of cartilage growth in which the cartilage expands from within through the growth, mitosis, and secretion of chondrocytes in the matrix.

75
Q

Lacunae

A

A small pit or cavity.

76
Q

Lamina Propria

A

The areolar tissue that underlies a mucous epithelium and forms part of a mucous membrane.

77
Q

Ligaments

A

A dense band of connective tissue fibers that attaches one bone to another.

78
Q

Liposuction

A

A cosmetic surgical procedure that removes excess or unwanted adipose tissue.

79
Q

Lumen

A

The central space within a duct or other internal passageway.

80
Q

Lymph

A

The fluid contents of lymphatic vessels, similar in composition to interstitial fluid.

81
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A cell of the lymphatic system that plays a role in the immune response.

82
Q

Macrophage

A

A phagocytic cell of the monocyte-macrophage system.

83
Q

Mast Cells

A

A connective tissue cell that, when stimulated, releases histamine, serotonin, and heparin, initiating the inflammatory response.

84
Q

Matrix

A

The extracellular fibers are ground substance of a connective tissue.

85
Q

Melanin

A

The red-yellow or brown-black pigments produced by the melanocytes of the skin.

86
Q

Melanocyte

A

A specialized cell in the deeper layers of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin; responsible for the production of melanin.

87
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

A method of secretion in which the cell ejects materials from secretory vesicles through exocytosis.

88
Q

Mesenchymal Cells

A

Stem cells that are present in many connective tissues. Respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other connective tissue cells.

89
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic or fetal connective tissue.

90
Q

Mesothelium

A

A simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities enclosing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs.

91
Q

Microphage

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils.

92
Q

Mucous Connective Tissue

A

Or Wharton’s Jelly, a loose connective tissue found in many parts of the embryo, including the umbilical cord.

93
Q

Mucous Membranes (or Mucossae)

A

A mucous membrane; the epithelium plus the lamina propria; also called the mucous membrane.

94
Q

Mucus

A

A lubricating fluid that is composed of water and mucins and is produced by unicellular and multicellular glands along the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

95
Q

Multicellular Glands

A

Include glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions.

96
Q

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

A

A secretory sheet, in which gland cells form an epithelium that releases secretions into an inner compartment.

97
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

A contractile organ composed of muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, connective tissues, and lymphatic vessels.

98
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

A tissue characterized by the presence of cells capable of contraction; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues.

99
Q

Necrosis

A

The death of cells or tissues from disease or injury.

100
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Is specialized for the propagation (movement) of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another.

101
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells of the CNS and PNS that support and protect neurons; also called glial cells.

102
Q

Osteocytes

A

A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone.

103
Q

Perichondrium

A

The layer that surrounds a cartilage, consisting of an out fibrous region and an inner cellular region.

104
Q

Periosteum

A

The layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an outer fibrous region and inner cellular region.

105
Q

Plasma Cells

A

An activated B cell that secretes antibodies.

106
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid ground substance of whole blood; what remains after the cells have been removed from a sample of whole blood.

107
Q

Polarity

A

Refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces.

108
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

An epithelium that contains several layers of nuclei but whose cells are all in contact with the underlying basement membrane.

109
Q

Pus

A

An accumulation of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue.

110
Q

Regeneration

A

Is a repair process that restores normal functions after inflammation has subsided.

111
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Thinner than collagen fibers, reticular fibers form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough, yet flexible.

112
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

Functions: Provides supporting frameworks. Location: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

113
Q

Serosa

A

A squamous epithelium and the underlying loose connective tissue; the lining of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities; also called a serosa.

114
Q

Serous Membranes

A

A squamous epithelium and the underlying loose connective tissue; the lining of the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities; also called a serosa.

115
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelial

A

Functions-Protection, secretion, absorption.

116
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Functions-Limited protection, secretion, and absorption.

117
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

An epithelium containing a single layer of cells superficial to the basement membrane.

118
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion.

119
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

A contractile organ of the muscular system.

120
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Muscle tissue in the walls of many visceral organs; characterized as nonstriated, involuntary muscle.

121
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A

An epithelium whose superficial cells are flattened and platelike.

122
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Function-Protection.

123
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Functions-Lining of some ducts (rare).

124
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

An epithelium containing several layers.

125
Q

Stratitied Squamous Epithelium

A

Functions: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack.

126
Q

Subserous Fascia

A

A layer of areolar tissue that lies between the deep fascia and the serous membranes that line true body cavities.

127
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Or subcutaneous layer; layer of areolar and adipose tissue separates the skin from underlying tissues and organs; also provides insulation and padding, and lets the skin and underlying structures move independently.

128
Q

Supporting Connective Tissues

A

: Protect soft tissues and support weight of part or all of the body.

129
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

The substance secreted by synovial membranes that lubricates joints.

130
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

An incomplete layer of fibroblasts confronting the synovial cavity, plus the underlying loos connective tissue.

131
Q

Tendons

A

A collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton.

132
Q

Tight Junction

A

Connection between cells formed by the fusion of membrane proteins.

133
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions.

134
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage.

135
Q

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

A

Consist of single cells called goblet cells that are specialized for secretion.

136
Q

Unicellular Glands

A

Mucous cells.

Biology 201 and 202 Vocab (29 decks)

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