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Biology 201 and 202 Vocab > Chapter 18: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Surgical removal of an adrenal gland.

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2
Q

Empty Sella Syndrome

A

Condition in which the pituitary gland becomes shrunken or flattened.

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3
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs.

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4
Q

Galactorrhea

A

A milky discharge form the nipple unrelated to normal breast feeding.

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5
Q

Hashimoto Disease

A

Disorder that affects the thyroid gland, causing the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US; also known as a chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.

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6
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive growth of facial or body hair in a woman. Hirsutism is a sign of hyperandrogenism, or the presence of abnormally high levels of androgens. It may be a sign of polycystic ovarian syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), or androgen-secreting tumors, all of which may cause infertility in women.

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7
Q

Hypocalcemic Tetany

A

Muscle spasms affecting the face and upper extremities; caused by low Ca2+ concentrations.

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8
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

Surgical removal of the pituitary gland.

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9
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A common anxiety disorder that develops after being exposed to a life-threatening situation or terrifying event.

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10
Q

Prolactinoma

A

Noncancerous pituitary tumor that produces prolactin, resulting in too much prolactin in the blood.

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11
Q

Psychosocial Dwarfism

A

Growth disorder occurring between the ages of 2 and 15, caused by extreme emotional deprivation or stress; also called deprivation dwarfism.

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12
Q

Thyroid Function Tests

A

Blood and radionuclide tests to determine thyroid gland activity.

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13
Q

Thyroidectomy

A

Surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland.

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14
Q

Thyrotoxicosis

A

A condition caused by the oversecretion of the thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism). Signs and symptoms include increases in metabolic rate, BP, and HR; excitability and emotional instability; and lowered energy reserves.

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15
Q

Virilism

A

A disorder of females in which the development of secondary male sexual characteristics such as hirsutism and lowered voice casued by a number of conditions that affect hormone regulation.

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16
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

The anterior lobe of the pituititary gland.

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17
Q

Adenylate Cyclase

A

An enzyme bound to be the inner surfaces of plasma membranes that can convert ATP to cyclic AMP; formerly called adenylyl cyclase.

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18
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

The superficial region of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones; also called the suprarenal cortex.

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19
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

A small endocrine gland that secretes steroids and catecholamines and is located superior to each kidney; also called suprarenal gland.

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20
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

A modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes catecholamines into the blood during sympathetic activation; also called suprarenal medulla; the core of the adrenal gland.

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21
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

The hormone that stimulates that production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the zone fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; released by the anterior love of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone.

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22
Q

Aldosterone

A

A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and water; secreted in response to the presence of angiotensin II.

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23
Q

Androgen

A

A steroid sex hormone mainly produced by the interstitial cells of the testis and manufactured in small quantities by the adrenal cortex in both sexes.

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24
Q

Angiotensin I

A

The hormone produced by the activation of angiotensinogen by renin; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II in lung capillaries.

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25
Q

Angiotensin II

A

A hormone that causes an increase in systemic blood pressure, stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, promotes thirst, and causes the release of antidiuretic hormone; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lung capillaries converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

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26
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

The blood protein produced by the liver that is converted to angiotensin I by the enzyme renin.

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27
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted at the posterior love of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); causes the kidneys to retain water and an increase in blood pressure.

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28
Q

Beta Cells

A

Cells of the pancreatic islets that secrete insulin in response to increased blood sugar concentrations.

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29
Q

Calcitonin (CT)

A

The hormone secreted by C cells of the thyroid when calcium ion concentrations are abnormally high; restores homeostasis by increasing the rate of bone deposition (mostly in childhood) and the rate of calcium loss by the kidneys.

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30
Q

Calorigenic Effect

A

The stimulation of energy production and heat loss by thyroid hormones.

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31
Q

Corticosteroids

A

A steroid hormone produced by the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex.

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32
Q

Corticosterone

A

A corticosteroid secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex; a glucocorticoid.

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33
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

The releasing hormone, secreted by the hypothalamus, that stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior love of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).

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34
Q

Cortisol

A

A corticosteroid secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex; a glucocorticoid.

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35
Q

Cortisone

A

A glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that exerts after it is converted to cortisol.

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36
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Disorder of the pituitary gland characterized by polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst) that results from inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

37
Q

Endocrine System

A

The endocrine (ductless) glands and organs of the body.

38
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone released by most tissues, and especially by the kidneys, when oxygen levels decrease; stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell information) in red bone marrow.

39
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Disorder characterized by polyuria (excessive urination) and glycosuria (glucose in the urine), most commonly due to the inadequate production or diminished sensitivity to insulin with a resulting increase of blood glucose levels.

40
Q

Estrogen

A

A class of steroid sex hormones that includes etradiol.

41
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

A hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior lob of the pituitary gland); stimulates oogenesis (female) and spermatogenesis (male).

42
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets; increases blood glucose concentrations.

43
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex to modify glucose metabolism; cortisol and corticosterone are important examples.

44
Q

Gonadotropin-Release Hormone (GnRH)

A

A hypothalamic releasing hormone that causes the secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).

45
Q

Gonadotropins

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, hormones that stimulate gamete development and sex hormone secretion.

46
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

An adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary gland) hormone that stimulates tissue growth and anabolism when nutrients are abundant and restricts tissue glucose dependence when nutrients are in short supply.

47
Q

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GH-IH)

A

A hypothalamus regulatory hormone that inhibits growth hormone secretion by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); also called somatostatin.

48
Q

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GH-RH)

A

A peptide released by the hypothalamus that causes the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

49
Q

Hormones

A

A chemical that is secreted by one cell and travels through the bloodstream to affect the activities of cells in another part of the body.

50
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

The network of vessels that carries blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).

51
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The floor of the diencephalon; the region of the brain containing centers involved with the subconscious regulation of visceral functions, emotions, drives, and the coordination of neural and endocrine functions.

52
Q

Infundibulum

A

A tapering, funnel-shaped structure; in the brain, the connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus; in the uterine tube, the entrance bounded by fimbriae that receives the oocyte at ovulation.

53
Q

Inhibin

A

A hormone, produced by nurse cells of the testes and follicular cells of the ovaries, that inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the adenohypophysis (anterior love of the pituitary gland).

54
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a decrease a blood glucose concentrations.

55
Q

Isthmus

A

A narrow band of tissue connecting two larger masses.

56
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

A hormone produced by the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary gland). In females, it assists FSH in follicle stimulation, triggers ovulation, and promotes the maintenance and secretion of endometrial glands. In males, it was formerly called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone because it stimulates testosterone secretion by the interstitial endocrine cells of the testes.

57
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

A

A hormone, produced by the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), that stimulates melanin production.

58
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; inhibits secretion of MSH and GnRH.

59
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Corticosteroids produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; steroids such as aldosterone that affect mineral metabolism.

60
Q

Natriuretic Peptides

A

Hormones released by specialized cardiac muscle cells when they are stretched by an abnormally large venous return; promotes fluid loss and reductions in blood pressure and in venous return. Includes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP).

61
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, or pars nervosa; contains the axons of hypothalamic neurons, which release OXT and ADH.

62
Q

Nurse Cells

A

Supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis; responsible for the differentiation of spermatids, the maintenance of the blood testis barrier, and the secretion of inhibin, androgen-binding protein, and Mullerian-inhibiting factor; also called Sertoli cells.

63
Q

Oxytocin (OCT)

A

A hormone produced by hypothalamic cells and secreted into capillaries at the posterior love of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the uterus or mammary glands in females and the prostate gland in males.

64
Q

Pancreas

A

A digestive organ containing exocrine and endocrine tissues; the exocrine portion secretes pancreatic juice, and the endocrine portion secretes hormones, including insulin and glucagon.

65
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A

Aggregations of endocrine cells in the pancreas; also called islets of Langerhans.

66
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Four small glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone.

67
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels decrease below the normal range; causes increased osteoclast activity, increased intestinal calcium uptake, and decreased calcium ion loss by the kidneys.

68
Q

Pars Distalis

A

The large, anterior portion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).

69
Q

Pars Intermedia

A

The portion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) that is immediately adjacent to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) and the infundibulum.

70
Q

Pars Tuberalis

A

The portion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that wraps around the infundibulum superior to the posterior lobe.

71
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Nervous tissue in the posterior portion of the roof of the diencephalon; secretes melatonin.

72
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

An endocrine organ that is located in the sella turica of the sphenoid bone and is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum; includes the posterior love (neurohypophysis) and the anterior love (adenohypophysis); also called the hypophysis.

73
Q

Progesterone

A

The most important hormone secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation.

74
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

The hormone that stimulates functional development of the mammary glands in females; a secretion of the anterior love of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis).

75
Q

Prostaglandin

A

A fatty acid secreted by one cell that alters the metabolic activities or sensitivities of adjacent cells; also called local hormone.

76
Q

Renin

A

The enzyme released by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex when renal blood flow decreases; converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

77
Q

Samatomedins

A

Substances stimulating tissue growth; released by the liver after the secretion of growth hormone; also called insulin-like growth factors.

78
Q

Somatotropin

A

Growth hormone (GH); produced by the anterior love of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone.

79
Q

Thymosin

A

Thymic hormones essential to the development and differentiation of T cells.

80
Q

Thymus

A

A lymphoid organ, the site of T cell development and maturation.

81
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

A circulating transport globulin that binds thyroid hormones.

82
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), hormones of the thyroid gland; stimulate tissue metabolism, energy utilization, and growth.

83
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

The hormone, produced by the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary gland), that triggers the secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

84
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

A thyroid hormone; also called tetraiodothyronine.

85
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

A thyroid hormone.

86
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

The region of the adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids.

87
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A

The region of the adrenal cortex that secretes mineralocorticoids.

88
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

The region of the adrenal cortex that secretes androgens.

Biology 201 and 202 Vocab (29 decks)

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