Chapter 23: Respiratory System Flashcards
Asbestosis
Pneumoconiosis, disease of the lungs, caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles over time.
Asphyxia
Impaired oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange that results in suffocation.
Aspirate
Drawing fluid from the body by suction; foreign material accidentally sucked into the lungs.
Bronchography
A procedure in which radiopaque materials are introduced into the airways to improve x-ray imaging of the bronchial tree.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
The application of cycle of compression to the rib cage to restore cardiovascular and respiratory function.
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Hyperpnea (deep, fast breathing) alternating with apnea (absence of breathing).
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A general term describing temporary or permanent lung disease of the bronchial tree.
Dyspnea
The condition of labored breathing.
Endotracheal Tube
Tube that is passed through the mouth or nose to the trachea.
Heimlich Maneuver or Abd Thrust
Sudden compression applied to the abdomen just inferior to the diaphragm, to force air out of the lungs to clear a blocked trachea or larynx.
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood or bloody mucus.
Hemothorax
The condition of having blood in the pleural cavity.
Hyperbaric Oxygenation
Therapy to force more oxygen into the blood by use of a pressure chamber.
Nasal Polyps
Benign growths on the mucous lining of the nasal cavity.
Orthopnea
Condition in which one has breathing difficulty except when in an upright position.
Otorhinolaryngology
Branch of medicine dealing with disease and treatment of the ear, nose, and throat.
Rales
Abnormal hissing or other respiratory sounds.
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal cavity.
Rhinoplasty
Plastic surgery of the nose.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
A harsh viral respiratory illness caused by coronavirus that typically progresses to pneumonia.
Sputum
A mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up form the respiratory tract, often as the result of an infection.
Stridor
Harsh, vibrating breathing sound caused by an obstruction in the windpipe or larynx.
Stuttering
To speak with a continued involuntary repetition of sounds.
Tachypnea
Rapid rate of breathing.
Tussis
A cough
Wheeze
An audible whistling sound when breathing.
Alveolar sacs
An air-filled chamber at the terminal end of the alveolar duct that gives rise to the alveoli in the lung.
Anoxia
Inadequate oxygen reaching body tissues.
Apnea
Cessation of breathing.
Arytenoid Cartilage
A pair of small cartilages in the larynx.
Bronchial Tree
The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide molecules.
Carbonic Anhydrase
An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction H2O+CO2 =>H2CO3; important in carbon dioxide transport, gastric acid secretion, and renal pH regulation.
Chloride Shift
The movement of plasma chloride ions into red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions generated by the intracellular dissociation of carbonic acid.
Compliance
Expandability; the ability of certain organs to tolerate changes in volume; indicates the presence of elastic fibers and smooth muscles.
Corniculate Cartilage
A pair of small laryngeal cartilages.
Cricoid Cartilage
A ring-shaped cartilage that forms the inferior margin of the larynx.
Cuneiform Cartilage
A pair of small cartilages in the larynx.
Epiglottis
A blade-shaped flap of tissue, reinforced by cartilage that is attached to the posterior and superior surface of the thyroid cartilage ; folds over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing.
External Respiration
The diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the alveolar capillaries and between the systematic capillaries and peripheral tissues.
Glottis
Structure within the larynx that consists of the vocal folds and the rima glottis.
Hard Palate
The body roof of the oral cavity; formed by the maxillae and palatine bones.
Hilum
A localized region where blood vessels lymphatic vessels, nerves, and/or other anatomical structures are attached to an organ.
Hypercapnia
High blood carbon dioxide concentration, commonly as a result of hypoventilation or inadequate tissue perfusion.
Hyperventilation
A rate of respiration sufficient to decrease blood Pco2, to levels below normal.
Hypocapnia
An abnormally low blood Pco2; commonly results from hyperventilation.
Hypoventilation
A respiratory rate that is insufficient to keep blood Pco2 within normal levels.
Hypoxia
A low tissue oxygen concentration.
Internal Respiration
The diffusion of gases between interstitial fluid and cytoplasm.
Lamina Propria
The areolar tissue that underlies a mucous epithelium and forms part of a mucous membrane.
Laryngopharynx
The division of the pharynx that is inferior to the epiglottis and superior to the esophagus.
Larynx
A complex cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis and vocal cords; the superior margin is bound to the hyoid bone; and the inferior margin is bound to the trachea.
Lungs
The paired organs of breathing enclosed by the pleural cavities.
Nasal Cavity
A chamber in the skull that is bounded by the internal and external nares.
Nasopharynx
A region that is posterior to the internal nares and superior to the soft palate and ends at the oropharynx.
Oropharynx
The middle portion of the pharynx, bounded superiorly by the nasopharynx, anteriorly by the oral cavity, and inferiorly by the laryngopharynx.
Pharynx
The throat, a muscular passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Pleura
The serous membrane that lines the pleural (lung) cavities.
Pleural Cavities
Body cavities of the thoracic region that surround the lungs.
Respiration
The exchange of gases between cells and the environment; includes pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers
The center in the medulla oblongata that sets the background pace of respiration; includes inspiratory and expiratory centers.
Soft Palate
The fleshy posterior extension of the hard palate, separating the nasopharynx from the oral cavity.
Submucosa
The region between the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa.
Tidal Volume (Vt)
The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs during a normal quiet respiratory cycle.
Trachea
The windpipe; an airway extending from the larynx to the primary bronchi.
