Chapter 25: Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics Flashcards
Anorexia
Persistent loss of appetite.
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder occurring primarily among girls and women characterized by a desire to lose, or not gain, weight through starvation, due to a distorted view of the person’s own body. There are typically two types: strict diet and exercise, and binging and purging.
Binge-Purge Syndrome
Eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by periods of fasting or self-induced vomiting.
Bulimia
An eating disorder usually characterized by episodic binge eating following by feelings of guilt, depression, and self-condemnation. It is often associated with steps taken to lose weight, such as self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, dieting, or fasting.
Eating Disorder
Psychological problems that result in inadequate or excessive food consumption. Examples include anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
The most common inherited type of hyperlipidemia characterized by high levels of lipids in one’s blood. It affects 1 in every 500 children born, when then present with LDL levels in excess of 190.
Heat Cramps
A condition that usually follow heavy sweating due to strenuous activity that causes a loss of salt in the body and results in painful muscle spasms in the abdomen, arms, or legs.
Hyperuricemia
A condition in which the plasma uric acid level exceeds 7.4 mg/dL. It can result in the condition called gout.
Ketonuria
The presence of ketone bodies in the urine.
Kwashiorkor
A form of malnutrition due to a protein deficiency in the diet that typically affects young children in tropical regions.
Marasmus
Severe malnourishment that causes a child’s weight to fall significantly below the standards set for children of similar age.
Orexigenic
Having a stimulating effect on the appetite.
Pica
Tendency or craving for substances other than normal food. Possible organic causes are iron deficiency, lead encephalopathy, pregnancy, and zinc deficiency.
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PCM)
A severe deficiency of protein in the diet in addition to inadequate caloric intake. It results in the condition termed kwashiorkor.
Skin-fold Test
Test in estimate the amount of body fat on a person.
Acetyl Group
CH3CO; an acetic acid molecule without the hydroxyl group.
Acetyl-CoA
An acetyl group bound to coenzyme A, a participant in the anabolic and catabolic pathway for carbohydrates, lipids, and many amino acids.
Aerobic Metabolism
The complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen.
Amination
The attachment of an amino group to a carbon chain; performed by a variety of cells and important in the synthesis of amino acids.
Amino Acids
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; building block of protein; chemical structure can be summarized as R—CHNH2—COOH.
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler precursors.
Beta-Oxidation
Fatty acid catabolism that produces molecules of acetyl-CoA.
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by the release of energy.
Cholesterol
A steroid component of plasma membranes and a substrate for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts.
Chylomicrons
Relatively large droplets that may contain triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in association with proteins; synthesized and released by intestinal cells and transported to the venous blood by the lymphatic system.
Citric Acid Cycle
The reaction sequence that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria; in the process organic molecules are broken down, carbon dioxide molecules are released, and hydrogen molecules are transferred by coenzymes to the electron transport chain.
Coenzymes
Complex organic cofactors, most are structurally related to vitamins.
Cytochrome
A protein-pigment component of the electron transport chain; a structural relative of heme.
Deamination
The removal of an amino group from an amino acid.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The system made up of four respiratory protein complexes, coenzyme Q, and electron carries made up of a series of cytochrome molecules responsible for aerobic energy production in cells; bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body in adequate amounts and must be obtained from the diet.
Essential Fatty Acids
Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from the diet.
Gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors (e.g. lactate, glycerol, or amino acids).
Glucose
A six-carbon sugar, C6H12O6; the preferred energy source for most cells and normally the only energy source for neurons.
Glycogen
A polysaccharide that is an important energy reserve; a polymer consisting of a long chain of glucose molecules.
Glycogenesis
The synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules.
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen breakdown and the liberation of glucose molecules.
Glycolysis
The anaerobic cytosolic breakdown of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate, with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
Hypothermia
An abnormally low body temp.
Ketoacidosis
A condition characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to the presence of large numbers of ketone bodies.
Lipolysis
The catabolism of lipids as a source of energy.
Lipoproteins
A compound containing a relatively small lipid bound to a protein.
Malnutrition
An unhealthy state produced by inadequate dietary intake or absorption of nutrient.
Metabolism
The sum of all biochemical processes under way within the human body at any moment; includes anabolism and catabolism.
Obesity
Body weight more than 20% above the ideal weight for a given individual.
Oxidation
The gain of oxygen, or the loss of hydrogen or electrons.
Pyruvate
The anion formed by the dissociation of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound produced by glycolysis.
Reduction
The loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen of electrons.
Thermoregulation
Homeostatic maintenance of body temp.
Triglycerides
A lipid that is composed of a molecules of glycerol attached to three fatty acids.
Vitamin
An essential organic nutrient that functions as a coenzyme in vital enzymatic reactions.
