Chapter 25: Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics

Question 1

Anorexia

Answer 1

Persistent loss of appetite.

Question 2

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 2

Eating disorder occurring primarily among girls and women characterized by a desire to lose, or not gain, weight through starvation, due to a distorted view of the person’s own body. There are typically two types: strict diet and exercise, and binging and purging.

Question 3

Binge-Purge Syndrome

Answer 3

Eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by periods of fasting or self-induced vomiting.

Question 4

Bulimia

Answer 4

An eating disorder usually characterized by episodic binge eating following by feelings of guilt, depression, and self-condemnation. It is often associated with steps taken to lose weight, such as self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives, dieting, or fasting.

Question 5

Eating Disorder

Answer 5

Psychological problems that result in inadequate or excessive food consumption. Examples include anorexia nervosa and bulimia.

Question 6

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 6

The most common inherited type of hyperlipidemia characterized by high levels of lipids in one’s blood. It affects 1 in every 500 children born, when then present with LDL levels in excess of 190.

Question 7

Heat Cramps

Answer 7

A condition that usually follow heavy sweating due to strenuous activity that causes a loss of salt in the body and results in painful muscle spasms in the abdomen, arms, or legs.

Question 8

Hyperuricemia

Answer 8

A condition in which the plasma uric acid level exceeds 7.4 mg/dL. It can result in the condition called gout.

Question 9

Ketonuria

Answer 9

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine.

Question 10

Kwashiorkor

Answer 10

A form of malnutrition due to a protein deficiency in the diet that typically affects young children in tropical regions.

Question 11

Marasmus

Answer 11

Severe malnourishment that causes a child’s weight to fall significantly below the standards set for children of similar age.

Question 12

Orexigenic

Answer 12

Having a stimulating effect on the appetite.

Question 13

Pica

Answer 13

Tendency or craving for substances other than normal food. Possible organic causes are iron deficiency, lead encephalopathy, pregnancy, and zinc deficiency.

Question 14

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PCM)

Answer 14

A severe deficiency of protein in the diet in addition to inadequate caloric intake. It results in the condition termed kwashiorkor.

Question 15

Skin-fold Test

Answer 15

Test in estimate the amount of body fat on a person.

Question 16

Acetyl Group

Answer 16

CH3CO; an acetic acid molecule without the hydroxyl group.

Question 17

Acetyl-CoA

Answer 17

An acetyl group bound to coenzyme A, a participant in the anabolic and catabolic pathway for carbohydrates, lipids, and many amino acids.

Question 18

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 18

The complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen.

Question 19

Amination

Answer 19

The attachment of an amino group to a carbon chain; performed by a variety of cells and important in the synthesis of amino acids.

Question 20

Amino Acids

Answer 20

Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; building block of protein; chemical structure can be summarized as R—CHNH2—COOH.

Question 21

Anabolism

Answer 21

The synthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler precursors.

Question 22

Beta-Oxidation

Answer 22

Fatty acid catabolism that produces molecules of acetyl-CoA.

Question 23

Catabolism

Answer 23

The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by the release of energy.

Question 24

Cholesterol

Answer 24

A steroid component of plasma membranes and a substrate for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts.

Question 25

Chylomicrons

Answer 25

Relatively large droplets that may contain triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol in association with proteins; synthesized and released by intestinal cells and transported to the venous blood by the lymphatic system.

Question 26

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 26

The reaction sequence that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria; in the process organic molecules are broken down, carbon dioxide molecules are released, and hydrogen molecules are transferred by coenzymes to the electron transport chain.

Question 27

Coenzymes

Answer 27

Complex organic cofactors, most are structurally related to vitamins.

Question 28

Cytochrome

Answer 28

A protein-pigment component of the electron transport chain; a structural relative of heme.

Question 29

Deamination

Answer 29

The removal of an amino group from an amino acid.

Question 30

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Answer 30

The system made up of four respiratory protein complexes, coenzyme Q, and electron carries made up of a series of cytochrome molecules responsible for aerobic energy production in cells; bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 31

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 31

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body in adequate amounts and must be obtained from the diet.

Question 32

Essential Fatty Acids

Answer 32

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from the diet.

Question 33

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 33

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors (e.g. lactate, glycerol, or amino acids).

Question 34

Glucose

Answer 34

A six-carbon sugar, C6H12O6; the preferred energy source for most cells and normally the only energy source for neurons.

Question 35

Glycogen

Answer 35

A polysaccharide that is an important energy reserve; a polymer consisting of a long chain of glucose molecules.

Question 36

Glycogenesis

Answer 36

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose molecules.

Question 37

Glycogenolysis

Answer 37

Glycogen breakdown and the liberation of glucose molecules.

Question 38

Glycolysis

Answer 38

The anaerobic cytosolic breakdown of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate, with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

Question 39

Hypothermia

Answer 39

An abnormally low body temp.

Question 40

Ketoacidosis

Answer 40

A condition characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to the presence of large numbers of ketone bodies.

Question 41

Lipolysis

Answer 41

The catabolism of lipids as a source of energy.

Question 42

Lipoproteins

Answer 42

A compound containing a relatively small lipid bound to a protein.

Question 43

Malnutrition

Answer 43

An unhealthy state produced by inadequate dietary intake or absorption of nutrient.

Question 44

Metabolism

Answer 44

The sum of all biochemical processes under way within the human body at any moment; includes anabolism and catabolism.

Question 45

Obesity

Answer 45

Body weight more than 20% above the ideal weight for a given individual.

Question 46

Oxidation

Answer 46

The gain of oxygen, or the loss of hydrogen or electrons.

Question 47

Pyruvate

Answer 47

The anion formed by the dissociation of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound produced by glycolysis.

Question 48

Reduction

Answer 48

The loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen of electrons.

Question 49

Thermoregulation

Answer 49

Homeostatic maintenance of body temp.

Question 50

Triglycerides

Answer 50

A lipid that is composed of a molecules of glycerol attached to three fatty acids.

Question 51

Vitamin

Answer 51

An essential organic nutrient that functions as a coenzyme in vital enzymatic reactions.