Chapter 6

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

All organisms are made of cells, cells sr simplest form of matter, all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells, differ substantially from one another but share common features

Question 2

3 important parameters of microscopy

Answer 2

Magnification, resolution, contract

Question 3

What dictates the relationship between cells and nutrients?

Answer 3

Surface area to volume ; small cells do well with low nutrients, large cells do well with high nutrients

Question 4

Prokaryote cell characteristics

Answer 4

Cell wall, no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

Question 5

Eukaryote cell characteristics

Answer 5

Larger, DNA bound by double membrane, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm, cytosol

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

Organelles made out of RNA and they carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol and ER

Question 7

Endomembrane system function

Answer 7

Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Question 8

Endomembrane system components

Answer 8

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Question 9

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 9

Site of most protein synthesis

Question 10

Smooth ER

Answer 10

Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and potions, stores calcium ions

Question 11

Rough ER

Answer 11

Studded with ribosomes, bound ribosomes which synthesize proteins, distributes transport vesicles

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

Shipping and receiving center ; modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, stores and packages materials into transport vesicles

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Digestive compartments ; hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by the rough ER and then transported to Golgi

Question 14

Phagocytosis

Answer 14

Some types of cells can engulf another cell ; forms a food vacuole called phagosome

Question 15

Autophagy

Answer 15

Lysosomes can recycle cell’s organelles and macromolecules

Question 16

Vacuoles

Answer 16

Present in a eukaryotes (but mostly plants and fungi), derived from ER and Golgi

Question 17

Vaculoe functions

Answer 17

Storage, structure, reproduction, catabolism

Question 18

Mitochondria

Answer 18

Cellular energy producer/chemical energy conversion ; sites of cellular respiration, eukaryotic cells, mDNA

Question 19

Mitochondria membrane

Answer 19

Smooth outer and inner membrane ; inner membrane crates 2 compartments - inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix

Question 20

Peroxisomes

Answer 20

Oxidation; perform reactions with many different functions - special metabolic compartments bound by a single membrane

Question 21

Cytoskeleton

Answer 21

Network of fibers that organizes structures and activities within the cell ; dynamic structure that allows cells to rapidly change shape

Question 22

Microtubules

Answer 22

Internally like movable cell appendages cilia and flagella; controls their beating patterns, many unicellular eukaryotes are propelled through water by them

Question 23

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 23

Animal cells don’t have cell walls but are covered in an elaborate ECM ; comprised of glycoproteins

Question 24

Cell to cell junctions functions

Answer 24

“glue” adjacent cells together (tight junctions and desmosomes) ; cell to cell communication (gap junctions)

Question 25

Cell walls

Answer 25

Distinguishes plants cells from animal ones ; protects plant cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water

Question 26

Plasmodesmata

Answer 26

Cytoplasm of adjacent cells are connected by cell membrane-lines channels

Question 27

Chloroplasts

Answer 27

Capture of light energy, found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis, contain green pigment chlorophyll