Chapter 6 Flashcards
Cell theory
All organisms are made of cells, cells sr simplest form of matter, all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells, differ substantially from one another but share common features
3 important parameters of microscopy
Magnification, resolution, contract
What dictates the relationship between cells and nutrients?
Surface area to volume ; small cells do well with low nutrients, large cells do well with high nutrients
Prokaryote cell characteristics
Cell wall, no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
Eukaryote cell characteristics
Larger, DNA bound by double membrane, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm, cytosol
Ribosomes
Organelles made out of RNA and they carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol and ER
Endomembrane system function
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
Endomembrane system components
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuoles, plasma membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Site of most protein synthesis
Smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and potions, stores calcium ions
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes, bound ribosomes which synthesize proteins, distributes transport vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Shipping and receiving center ; modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, stores and packages materials into transport vesicles
Lysosomes
Digestive compartments ; hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by the rough ER and then transported to Golgi
Phagocytosis
Some types of cells can engulf another cell ; forms a food vacuole called phagosome
Autophagy
Lysosomes can recycle cell’s organelles and macromolecules
Vacuoles
Present in a eukaryotes (but mostly plants and fungi), derived from ER and Golgi
Vaculoe functions
Storage, structure, reproduction, catabolism
Mitochondria
Cellular energy producer/chemical energy conversion ; sites of cellular respiration, eukaryotic cells, mDNA
Mitochondria membrane
Smooth outer and inner membrane ; inner membrane crates 2 compartments - inter membrane space and mitochondrial matrix
Peroxisomes
Oxidation; perform reactions with many different functions - special metabolic compartments bound by a single membrane
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers that organizes structures and activities within the cell ; dynamic structure that allows cells to rapidly change shape
Microtubules
Internally like movable cell appendages cilia and flagella; controls their beating patterns, many unicellular eukaryotes are propelled through water by them
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Animal cells don’t have cell walls but are covered in an elaborate ECM ; comprised of glycoproteins
Cell to cell junctions functions
“glue” adjacent cells together (tight junctions and desmosomes) ; cell to cell communication (gap junctions)
Cell walls
Distinguishes plants cells from animal ones ; protects plant cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive uptake of water
Plasmodesmata
Cytoplasm of adjacent cells are connected by cell membrane-lines channels
Chloroplasts
Capture of light energy, found in plants and algae, sites of photosynthesis, contain green pigment chlorophyll
