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Biology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 DNA criteria

A

Information storage, replication, transmission, variation

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2
Q

Information storage

A

DNA must contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism

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3
Q

Replication

A

Due to its transmission through generations, DNA must be copied

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4
Q

Transmission

A

Information must be passed from cell-to-cell and from parent offspring

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5
Q

Variation

A

DNA must contain variation that accounts for physical differences within each species

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6
Q

DNA sugar

A

Deoxyribose

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7
Q

RNA sugar

A

Ribose

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8
Q

What kind of bond hold the stands of the helix together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Name of the initiation point

A

Origin of replication

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10
Q

What does DNA helicase do?

A

Enzyme splits the hydrogen bonds between 2 strands

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11
Q

What do single strand binding proteins do?

A

Keep the strands from repairing

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12
Q

What does topoisomerase do?

A

Helps relieve the strain as the untwisting causes tighter twisting ahead

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13
Q

What does DNA polymerase III do?

A

Synthesizes DNA replication ; can’t initiate process without short DNA primer

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14
Q

What synthesizes the primer?

A

RNA primase (only works 5’-3’)

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15
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Start the new DNA strands from the 3’ end of the RNA primer

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16
Q

What does dATP do?

A

Supplies adenine to DNA and is similar to the ATP of energy metabolism

17
Q

Which way does DNA polymerase III add nucleotides?

A

5’-3’

18
Q

Leading strand

A

Continuous ; 5’-3’ ; 1 primer

19
Q

Lagging strand

A

Discontinuous ; 5’-3’ ; Okazaki fragments ; several primers

20
Q

What does DNA polymerase I do?

A

Replaces RNA with DNA

21
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

Forms a bond between the newest DNA and the DNA fragment 1

22
Q

What is a telomere?

A

The protective ends of chromosomes that consist of repetitive sequences ; don’t shorten them

23
Q

Proofreading

A

Enzymes like nucleuses remove the wrong nucleotides and DNA polymerase fills in the gaps

24
Q

What happens in nucleotide excision?

A

Nuclear enzyme cuts the damaged DNA and removes it, then DNA polymerase fills the missing nucleotides, finally DNA ligase seals it making the strand complete

25
Q

What do histones do?

A

They are responsible for the main level of DNA packing in interphase chromatin

26
Q

Makeup of nucleosome

A

Composed of DNA wound twice around a core of eight histones

Biology (19 decks)

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