Chapter 35 Flashcards
Function of leaves
Provide surface area
Function of stems
Support and elevate
Function of roots
Anchor and absorb
Function of dermal tissue
Protects organs
Function of vascular tissue
Supports and transports
Function of ground tissue
Carries out photosynthesis
Function of photosynthetic cells
Contain chloroplasts
Function of tube-shaped cells
Transport resources
Function of cells with root hairs
Increase surface area
Two different “systems” of plants
Root and shoot systems
Shoots rely on …
Water and minerals absorbed by the root system
Roots rely on …
Sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system
Functions of roots
Anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals and water, and storing carbs
Types of roots
Primary root is the first to emerge, and then branches to form lateral roots
Types of roots in tall vs small plants
Taproot , fibrous
What do symbiotic interactions do?
Increase mineral absorption
Prop roots
Above ground (corn)
Storage roots
Store water and nutrients in the roots (beets)
Pneumatophores roots
Low tide, exposes them to sunlight and oxygen
“Strangling” roots
Grows around objects, grows up, and ends up killing the tree it surrounds
What is a node?
Point at which the leaves are attached
What are internodes?
Stem segments in between nodes
What is the shoot tip or apical bud?
Causes elongation of a young shoot
What is an axillary bud?
Has potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower
Stolons stem function
Strawberry stolons produce new individuals at nodes aboveground
Rhizomes stem function
Rhizomes produce new individuals at nodes belowground and store carbs
Tubers stems functions
Tubers such as potatoes store carbs such as starch
Things that leaves do
Intercept light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, defend against herbivores and pathogens
3 tissue systems of plants
Dermal, vascular, ground
Epidermal cells
Secrete waxy cuticle which protects against pathogen and viruses
Trichomes
Protective structures keep plant cool, protect against sunlight, minimize water loss, regulate gas exchange in shoots, toxins, or barbs to protect from herbivores
What is the stomata?
Pores that allow co2 and o2 exchange between the air and photosynthetic cells in leaf ; each has 2 guard cells
What do the stomata guard cells do?
Regulate the opening and closing
What does vascular tissue do?
Facilitates transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support
Two types of vascular tissue
Xylem and phloem
Xylem def
Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots
Phloem def
Transports sugars from where they are made (primarily leaves) to storage structures or sites of growth
2 types of water-conducting cells of the xylem
Tracheids and vessel elements
Tracheids
Long thin cells with tapered ends ; water moves between them through pits (thin regions lacking cell wall)
Vessel elements
Wider, shorter, thinner walled, less tapered, aligned end to end forming pipes (vessels) ; the end walls have perforation plates that enable water to flow freely through vessels
Sieve cells vs sieve tubes
Sieve cells are in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms ; sieve tubes are in angiosperms
Ground tissue function
Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, support, and short-distance transport
What are meristems
Unspecialized tissues composed of dividing cells ; apical and lateral (herbaceous plants only have apical)
Apical meristems
Allow for primary growth, or elongation of shoots and roots
3 primary meristems and what they produce
Protoderm (dermal tissue) ; ground meristem (ground tissue) ; procambium (vascular tissue)
Ground tissue is primarily composed of …
Parenchyma cells
What kind of cells strengthen and support the stem?
Colleen Hyman and sclerenchyma
3 sections of growth
Zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of differentiation or maturation
Endodermis
Innermost layer of cortex ; regulates passage into and out of the vascular cylinder
2 types of lateral meristems
Vascular cambium ; cork cambium
Vascular cambium
Adds vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Cork cambium
Replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher periderm
Early wood
Spring ; thin cell walls to maximize water delivery
Late wood
Summer ; thick-walled cells and contributes more to stem support
