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Biology > Chapter 48 > Flashcards

Chapter 48 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information

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2
Q

Nervous tissue contains…

A

Neurons/nerve cells which transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells/glia which support cells

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3
Q

Glial Cells

A

Insulation cells which has numerous functions to nourish, support, and regulate neurons

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4
Q

Different Glia cells in CNS

A

Ependymal cells (make CSF), Astrocytes (provide brain cells with food), Oligodendrocytes (help electronic signals move faster), and microglia (help fight infection)

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5
Q

Different Glia in the PNS

A

Schwann cells (mylinate neurons in PNS)

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6
Q

Two ways that neurons transfer information within the body

A

Electrical signals (long-distance) and chemical signals (short-distance)

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7
Q

Three stages of nervous system processing

A

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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8
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

They transmit information form sensory that detect external stimuli (light, sound, heat, smell, taste, touch) and internal stimuli (blood pressure and muscle tension)

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9
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

The vast majority of neurons in the brain are interneurons, which form connecting neurons in the brain

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10
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

They transmit signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract

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11
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

The differential distribution of ions between the outside and inside of the cell ; generates voltage (difference in electrical charge)

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12
Q

What is resting potential?

A

The membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals (inside is negative)

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13
Q

What are action potentials?

A

Changes in membrane potential ; these signals are conducted by axons

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14
Q

What to sodium-potassium pumps do?

A

They use energy of ATP to transport K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell

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15
Q

What do the concentration gradients represent?

A

Chemical potential energy.

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16
Q

What can a neuron at resting potential do?

A

It contains many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels, so K+ diffuses out of the cell, resulting in a negative charge (-70)

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17
Q

What goes in and out of pumps?

A

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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18
Q

What goes in and out of channels?

A

Na+ in, K+ out

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19
Q

What is the equilibrium potential difference for K+ permeable vs Na+ permeable?

A

K+ is -90 while Na+ is +62

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20
Q

Difference between gated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels

A

Gated ion channels open or close in response to stimuli, while voltage-gated ion channels open or close in response to a change in voltage across the plasma membrane

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21
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

An increase in magnitude of the membrane potential making the inside of cell more negative

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22
Q

What happens if gated K+ channels open in a resting neuron

A

The membranes permeability to K+ increases, net diffusion of K+ out of neuron, membrane potential shifts closer to -90mV, and inside of membrane is becoming more negative

23
Q

What is depolarization?

A

A reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential of a cell making the inside less negative

24
Q

What happens when gated Na+ channels in neurons respond to a stimulus?

A

The membranes permeability to Na+ increases, Na+ diffuses into the neuron, membrane potential shifts towards ENa (+62mV), and the inside of the membrane becomes more positive

25
Q

What do each of the polarizations do to the chance of a neuron transmitting a nerve impulse?

A

Hyperpolerization reduces the change, depolarizations increase the chance

26
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with the strength of the stimulus (stronger stimulus, stronger change in magnitude)

27
Q

What are some properties of action potentials?

A

They have a constant magnitude, are all-or-none, and they transmit signals over long distances

28
Q

What a refractory period?

A

The period after an action potential when a second action potential cant be initiated

29
Q

What happens when there are mutations in voltage-gated Na+ channels?

A

It leads to abnormal neural firing and associated disease phenotypes called channels-atheism

30
Q

Why are the toxins in animal venom so deadly?

A

Because they target Na+ channels

31
Q

What are myelin sheaths made by and what do they do?

A

They are made by glia (oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS) and they cause an action potentials speed to increase

32
Q

What are the gaps in myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

33
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

When action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier

34
Q

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

It is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the myelin of nerve fibers in the CNS

35
Q

What happens at electrical synapses?

A

The electrical current flows from one neuron to another through gap junctions

36
Q

What happens at chemical synapses?

A

A chemical neurotransmitter carries information between neurons (most synapses are chemical)

37
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters in the chemical synapse?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-gated ion channel, causing them to open, which generated a postsynaptic potential. The neurotransmitter’s chemical signal is transducer to an electrical signal changing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell

38
Q

What are excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)?

A

They are depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold

39
Q

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)?

A

They are hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from threshold

40
Q

What is summation?

A

It is when the individual postsynaptic potentials combine to produce a larger potential

41
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

It is when two EPSPs are produced in rapid succession

42
Q

What happens in the termination of neurotransmitter signaling?

A

The chemical synapse returns to its resting state and the neurotransmitter molecules are cleared from the synaptic cleft

43
Q

What does Sarin nerve gas do?

A

It triggers paralysis and death due to inhibition of the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter controlling skeletal muscles

44
Q

How many receptors can a single neurotransmitter bind to?

A

More than a dozen

45
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

It is a common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates, involved in muscle simulation, memory formation, and learning

46
Q

Three main amino acids

A

Glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

47
Q

What is glutamate?

A

Amino acid that can act as a neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates

48
Q

What is glycine?

A

Glycine acts at inhibitory synapses in parts of the CNS outside the brain

49
Q

What is GABA?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid ; the neurotransmitter at most inhibitory synapses in the brain

50
Q

What is bio genie amines and what are some common examples?

A

They have a central role in a number of nervous system disorders ; include norepinephrine (made from tyrosine), epinephrine, dopamine (lack of creates Parkinson’s), and serotonin

51
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

It is a motor disorder with symptoms that include muscle tremors, poor balance, flexed posture, and shuffling gait ; involves death of neurons in midbrain that normally release dopamine

52
Q

What are neuropeptides?

A

They are relatively short chains of amino acids which also function as neurotransmitters ; They affect our perception of pain ; includes substance P and endorphins ; opiates bind to the same receptors and endorphins and can be used as painkillers

53
Q

What are gases (neurotransmitter)?

A

Gases like NO are local regulators in the PNS and they are broken down within seconds of production ; NO is not stored in cytoplasmic vesicles, bit is synthesized on demand

54
Q

What are the main kinds of neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, amino acids, biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and gases

Biology (19 decks)

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