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Biology > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?

A

Adaptations in form,function, and behavior help maintain an animals internal environment ; adaptations limit variation in temp as well as other things

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2
Q

Different adaptations of animals

A

Form (anatomy): insulating reduces heat loss ; Function (physiology): shivering produces heat ; Behavior: packing together reduces exposure

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3
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Biological structure

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4
Q

What is physiology?

A

biological function

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5
Q

What are some necessities for animals?

A

To obtain nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection, and survive to produce offspring

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6
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

A type of evolution that results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge

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7
Q

What kind of materials are exchanged thorough the plasma membrane of animal cells?

A

Nutrients, waste products, and gases

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8
Q

Proportional rate of exchange

A

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s surface area, while amount of material that must be exchanged is proportional to a cells volume

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9
Q

How do more complex animals accomplish exchange at the cellular level?

A

By having specialized surfaces that are extensively branched and folded

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10
Q

Hierarchical organization of the body (smallest to largest)

A

Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

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11
Q

Different organ systems in mammals

A

Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, immune and lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, skeletal, muscular

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12
Q

Main types of animal tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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13
Q

Where is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

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14
Q

Different shapes of epithelial tissue

A

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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15
Q

Different arrangement of epithelial cells

A

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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16
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

It holds many tissues and organs together and in place

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17
Q

What are two things that connective tissue contains?

A

Fibroblasts ; macrophages

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18
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

They secrete fiber proteins

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19
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

They engulf foreign particles and cell debris by phagocytosis

20
Q

What are the six major types of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue ; fibrous connective tissue ; bone ; adipose tissue ; cartilage ; blood

21
Q

What do muscle cells consist of?

A

Filaments of the proteins actin and myosin, which together enable muscles to contract

22
Q

Three types of muscle tissue and their purpose

A

Skeletal (voluntary movement) ; smooth (involuntary movement) ; cardiac (contraction of heart)

23
Q

Function of nervous tissue and what it contains

A

Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information ; contains neurons (transmits nerve impulses), and glial cells or glia which support cells

24
Q

What does it mean if an animal is a regulator?

A

They use internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

25
Q

What does it mean if an animal is a conformer?

A

That they may regulate some environmental variable while conforming to others

26
Q

What are some examples in humans that use homeostasis?

A

Body temp, blood pH, and glucose concentration

27
Q

How does homeostasis work?

A

It is maintained at a set point, and a fluctuation above or below this set point serves as a stimulus which is detected by a sensor. A control center then generates output that triggers a response, which helps return the variable to the set point

28
Q

Def of negative feedback

A

Control mechanism that “damps” a stimulus (homeostasis)

29
Q

Def of positive feedback

A

Amplifies a stimulus and does not play a major role in homeostasis (ex: helps drive childbirth)

30
Q

Difference between endothermic and ectothermic

A

Endothermic animals generate heat by metabolism and can maintain a stable body temp even with large fluctuations but is more energetically expensive ; ectothermic animals gain heat from external sources and tolerate greater variation in internal temp poikilotherms)

31
Q

Body temp of poikilotherm verse homeotherm

A

Poikilotherm varies with its environment ; homeotherm is relatively constant

32
Q

Processes by which organisms exchange heat

A

Radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

33
Q

Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

A

Insulation, circulatory adaptation, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production

34
Q

What does insulation do?

A

It reduces the flow of heat between an animal’s body and its environment

35
Q

Examples of circulatory adaptations

A

Vasodilation is when blood flow int he skin increases, facilitating heat loss ; vasoconstriction is when blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

36
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

The exchange of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions (reduces heat loss)

37
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature ; It is increases by muscle activity such as moving or shivering

38
Q

What is nonshivering thermogenesis?

A

Takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

39
Q

What is brown fat?

A

It is a type of tissue that is specialized for rapid heat production ; the amount found in human adults depends on the temp of the surrounding environment

40
Q

What is torpor?

A

The physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism ; driven by ambient temp, helps save energy while avoiding difficult/dangerous conditions

41
Q

What is hibernation?

A

Long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity ; metabolic rates can be 20 times lower ; biological clock stops during hibernation

42
Q

What is estivation?

A

Simmer torpor, which enables animals to survive long periods of high temps and scarce water

43
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animals

44
Q

Autotrophs vs heterotrophs

A

Autotrophs harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules ; heterotrophs harvest chemical energy from food

45
Q

What are the two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli?

A

The endocrine and nervous systems ; endocrine coordinates gradual changes that affect the entire body ; nervous is suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment

Biology (19 decks)

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