Chapter 40

Question 1

How do animals regulate their internal state even in changing or harsh environments?

Answer 1

Adaptations in form,function, and behavior help maintain an animals internal environment ; adaptations limit variation in temp as well as other things

Question 2

Different adaptations of animals

Answer 2

Form (anatomy): insulating reduces heat loss ; Function (physiology): shivering produces heat ; Behavior: packing together reduces exposure

Question 3

What is anatomy?

Answer 3

Biological structure

Question 4

What is physiology?

Answer 4

biological function

Question 5

What are some necessities for animals?

Answer 5

To obtain nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection, and survive to produce offspring

Question 6

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 6

A type of evolution that results in similar adaptations of diverse organisms facing the same challenge

Question 7

What kind of materials are exchanged thorough the plasma membrane of animal cells?

Answer 7

Nutrients, waste products, and gases

Question 8

Proportional rate of exchange

Answer 8

Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s surface area, while amount of material that must be exchanged is proportional to a cells volume

Question 9

How do more complex animals accomplish exchange at the cellular level?

Answer 9

By having specialized surfaces that are extensively branched and folded

Question 10

Hierarchical organization of the body (smallest to largest)

Answer 10

Cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organism

Question 11

Different organ systems in mammals

Answer 11

Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, immune and lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, integumentary, skeletal, muscular

Question 12

Main types of animal tissues

Answer 12

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 13

Where is epithelial tissue?

Answer 13

Covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

Question 14

Different shapes of epithelial tissue

Answer 14

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

Question 15

Different arrangement of epithelial cells

Answer 15

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Question 16

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 16

It holds many tissues and organs together and in place

Question 17

What are two things that connective tissue contains?

Answer 17

Fibroblasts ; macrophages

Question 18

What do fibroblasts do?

Answer 18

They secrete fiber proteins

Question 19

What do macrophages do?

Answer 19

They engulf foreign particles and cell debris by phagocytosis

Question 20

What are the six major types of connective tissue?

Answer 20

Loose connective tissue ; fibrous connective tissue ; bone ; adipose tissue ; cartilage ; blood

Question 21

What do muscle cells consist of?

Answer 21

Filaments of the proteins actin and myosin, which together enable muscles to contract

Question 22

Three types of muscle tissue and their purpose

Answer 22

Skeletal (voluntary movement) ; smooth (involuntary movement) ; cardiac (contraction of heart)

Question 23

Function of nervous tissue and what it contains

Answer 23

Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information ; contains neurons (transmits nerve impulses), and glial cells or glia which support cells

Question 24

What does it mean if an animal is a regulator?

Answer 24

They use internal control mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation

Question 25

What does it mean if an animal is a conformer?

Answer 25

That they may regulate some environmental variable while conforming to others

Question 26

What are some examples in humans that use homeostasis?

Answer 26

Body temp, blood pH, and glucose concentration

Question 27

How does homeostasis work?

Answer 27

It is maintained at a set point, and a fluctuation above or below this set point serves as a stimulus which is detected by a sensor. A control center then generates output that triggers a response, which helps return the variable to the set point

Question 28

Def of negative feedback

Answer 28

Control mechanism that “damps” a stimulus (homeostasis)

Question 29

Def of positive feedback

Answer 29

Amplifies a stimulus and does not play a major role in homeostasis (ex: helps drive childbirth)

Question 30

Difference between endothermic and ectothermic

Answer 30

Endothermic animals generate heat by metabolism and can maintain a stable body temp even with large fluctuations but is more energetically expensive ; ectothermic animals gain heat from external sources and tolerate greater variation in internal temp poikilotherms)

Question 31

Body temp of poikilotherm verse homeotherm

Answer 31

Poikilotherm varies with its environment ; homeotherm is relatively constant

Question 32

Processes by which organisms exchange heat

Answer 32

Radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

Question 33

Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

Answer 33

Insulation, circulatory adaptation, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production

Question 34

What does insulation do?

Answer 34

It reduces the flow of heat between an animal’s body and its environment

Question 35

Examples of circulatory adaptations

Answer 35

Vasodilation is when blood flow int he skin increases, facilitating heat loss ; vasoconstriction is when blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

Question 36

Countercurrent exchange

Answer 36

The exchange of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions (reduces heat loss)

Question 37

What is thermogenesis?

Answer 37

The adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature ; It is increases by muscle activity such as moving or shivering

Question 38

What is nonshivering thermogenesis?

Answer 38

Takes place when hormones cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity

Question 39

What is brown fat?

Answer 39

It is a type of tissue that is specialized for rapid heat production ; the amount found in human adults depends on the temp of the surrounding environment

Question 40

What is torpor?

Answer 40

The physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism ; driven by ambient temp, helps save energy while avoiding difficult/dangerous conditions

Question 41

What is hibernation?

Answer 41

Long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity ; metabolic rates can be 20 times lower ; biological clock stops during hibernation

Question 42

What is estivation?

Answer 42

Simmer torpor, which enables animals to survive long periods of high temps and scarce water

Question 43

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 43

The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animals

Question 44

Autotrophs vs heterotrophs

Answer 44

Autotrophs harness light energy to build energy-rich molecules ; heterotrophs harvest chemical energy from food

Question 45

What are the two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli?

Answer 45

The endocrine and nervous systems ; endocrine coordinates gradual changes that affect the entire body ; nervous is suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment