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Biology > Chapter 45 > Flashcards

Chapter 45 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It releases signaling molecules (hormones) into the bloodstream ; a hormone may affect one or more regions throughout the body

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are the body’s long distance regulators that reach specific target cells ; they are kind of slow acting, but they have long last effects ; they coordinate responses to stress, dehydration, and low blood sugar

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3
Q

What is the endocrine system well adapted for?

A

It is well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body (low concentrations of hormones can have long-lasting effects)

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4
Q

What is the nervous system well adapted for?

A

It is well adapted for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment, especially in controlling fast locomotion and behavior

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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus help do?

A

It helps integrate communication of both the nervous and endocrine systems

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6
Q

What are the two criteria for communication between animal cells through secreted signals?

A

The type of secreting cell ; the route taken by the signal in reaching its target

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7
Q

What are the five different types of intercellular communication?

A

Endocrine signaling, Paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, synaptic signaling, and neuroendocrine signaling

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8
Q

What does endocrine signaling do?

A

It maintains homeostasis, mediates responses to stimuli, regulated growth and development, and triggers changes underlying sexual maturity and reproduction

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9
Q

How does endocrine signaling work?

A

Hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach their target cells via the bloodstream

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10
Q

What are local regulators?

A

They are molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion

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11
Q

What does Paracrine and autocrine signaling do?

A

They play roles in the processes like blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, and reproduction

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12
Q

Difference between paracrine and autocrine signaling?

A

In paracrine signaling the target cells lie near the secreting cells, and in autocrine signaling the target cells is also secreting cell

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13
Q

What are PGs and what do they do?

A

Prostaglandin ; They regulate nearby cells in various ways, depending on the tissue ; They are secreted by the placenta to induce uterine contractions during childbirth ; They also promote fever and inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain (body’s defense)

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14
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

They are local regulators that enable immune cell communication

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15
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

They are local regulators that promote cell growth, division, and development

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16
Q

What does NO (nitric oxide) function as?

A

It functions as both a local regulator and a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

How does synaptic signaling work?

A

At synapses, secreted molecules called neurotransmitters diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

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18
Q

How does neuroendocrine signaling work?

A

Specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that diffuse from the nerve endings into the bloodstream

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19
Q

What are pheromones and what can they do?

A

They are chemicals that are released into the environment ; They serve many functions like marking trails leading to food, defining territories, warning of predators, and attracting potential mates

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20
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A

Polypeptides (water-soluble), steroids (lipid-soluble), and amines (most are water-soluble)

21
Q

How do water-soluble hormones travel?

A

They are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

22
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones travel?

A

They diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells

23
Q

How does epinephrine work?

A

It bids to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cell which triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

24
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It coordinates endocrine signals, and with the help of the pituitary gland links the nervous and endocrine signals

25
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

They have ducts to carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities (ex: salivary glands)

26
Q

What do negative feedback loops do?

A

They inhibit a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

27
Q

How do simple endocrine pathways work?

A

Hormones are released from an endocrine cell, travel through the bloodstream, and interact with specific receptors within a target cell to cause a physiological response

28
Q

Insulin verse glucagon

A

Insulin is for high blood sugar, and glucagon is for low blood sugar

29
Q

When insulin is released what does it trigger?

A

Uptake of glucose from the blood into body cells, slowing glycogen breakdown in liver, and storing of glucose in the liver as glycogen, decreasing blood glucose

30
Q

What does glucagon do what it is released?

A

It simulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and by stimulates the breakdown of fat and protein into glucose

31
Q

What happens to people who have diabetes?

A

Their blood glucose rises, and their cells are unable to take up enough glucose to meet their metabolic needs so fat becomes the main substrate for cellular respiration

32
Q

What happens to people with diabetes mellitus?

A

The level of glucose in the blood may exceed the capacity of the kidneys to reabsorb it and so glucose is concentrated in the urine and more water is exerted with it resulting in excessive volumes of urine and persistent thirst

33
Q

What is the general idea of a simple neuroendocrine pathway?

A

The stimulus is received by a sensory neuron which stimulates a neurosecretory cell

34
Q

What do neurosecretory cells do?

A

They secrete neurohormones, which enter the bloodstream and travel to target cells

35
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

It stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus (doesn’t synthesize its own hormones)

36
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do?

A

It stores and releases hormones upon receiving releasing or inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus (Does synthesize its own hormones) ; ex-prolactin (PRL) which has a role in milk

37
Q

Hormone cascade order

A

Stimulus, hypothalamus, TRH, anterior pituitary, TSH, thyroid gland, thyroid hormone, response

38
Q

Growth hormones

A

They are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and the liver responds by releasing insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) ; excess GH causes gigantism while a lack causes dwarfism

39
Q

Thyroid regulation

A

The thyroid regulates bioenergetics (metabolism), digestion, and reproduction-maintaining BP, HR, and muscle tones ; It regulates this with hormone secretion down a hormone cascade pathway

40
Q

What are the two posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin and oxytocin

41
Q

What does ADH or vasopressin do?

A

It regulates physiology (increases water absorption in the blood) and behavior

42
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

It regulates milk secretion by the mammary glands

43
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

When the blood Ca2+ concentration falls below the set point, the glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) which raises the level of blood Ca2+ both by direct and indirect effects

44
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Located atop the kidneys and each adrenal glands have two different glads, the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

45
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

It is the inner portion of adrenal glands which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which are both catecholamines, neurotransmitters and comprise the “fight-or-flight” ; these hormones act directly on several target tissue to give the body a rapid bioenergetic boost

46
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A

It is the outer portion of the adrenal glands which becomes active under stressful conditions including low blood sugar, decrease blood volume and pressure, and shock ; It activates the adrenal cortex via hormonal signals (ACTH) ; Endocrine cells then secrete corticosteroids: Corticoids and glucocorticoids

47
Q

Where are most sex hormones produced and what are some common examples

A

Most sex hormones are produced from the gonads, testes, and ovaries ; Examples are androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

48
Q

What is the synthesis of sex hormones controlled by?

A

It is controlled by the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary ; Gonadotropin secretion is controlled by gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

49
Q

What is DES?

A

DES is an endocrine disrupter, meaning a molecule that interrupts the normal function of a hormone pathway (in this case estrogen) ; DES led to a higher risk for reproductive abnormalities, including miscarriage, structural changes, and cervical and vaginal cancers

Biology (19 decks)

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