Chapter 5 -The self

Question 1

The self

Answer 1

William James was a leader in the field. He referred to the self as “I”. It has a doer and a being aspect.

Question 2

Self construals

Answer 2

How a person see oneself and the active process to become that person in the social environment

Question 3

Introspection

Answer 3

The process by which one observes and examine one’s internal states mental and emotional for behaving in a certain way

Question 4

Self perception theory

Answer 4

The theory that assumes that when inner states are ambiguous, people can infer these states by observing their own behavior.

Question 5

Reflected appraisal

Answer 5

We observe other people and their reactions to understand how they perceive and judge us.

Question 6

Social comparison

Answer 6

Comparing yourself to other people’s abilities and opinions

Question 7

Social identity

Answer 7

A group that you recognize your self with

Question 8

Self concept

Answer 8

The cognitive representation of our self knowledge

Question 9

Self schemes

Answer 9

Mental structures that help us organize and guide the processing of self related information

Question 10

Self reference effect

Answer 10

The tendency to process and remember self related information better than other information

Question 11

Working self concept

Answer 11

Subset of relevant self knowledge that is activated and guides our behavior in a given situation

Question 12

Self-worth contingencies

Answer 12

Internal and external-on which we stake our self-worth

Question 13

Desired self

Answer 13

contain our potential possible selves, as well as the wishes and aspirations ideal self, and the duties and obligations that we or significant others, hold for us.

Question 14

Self-esteem

Answer 14

the overall evaluation that we have of ourselves along a positive-negative dimension.

Question 15

Implicit self-esteem

Answer 15

the positivity of a person’s automatic or nonconscious evaluation of one self.

Question 16

Independent vs, interdependent self

Answer 16

independent self: autonomy and individualism and defines the self via internal attributes like traits, interdependent: stresses the connection to others and defines the self in terms od relationships with others

Question 17

self-enhancement

Answer 17

motivation to enhance the positivity of our self-conceptions, often over what would be objectivity warranted; achieved by various strategies

Question 18

self-assessment motive

Answer 18

striving fo reach an accurate and objective understanding of the self

Question 19

implicit egoism

Answer 19

non-conscious or automatic positive evaluation of self-associated object

Question 20

Self-presentation

Answer 20

a range of strategies that we adopt in order to shape what others think of us

Question 21

Self-handicapping

Answer 21

the tendency to engage in self-defeating behaviors in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure and augment ability attributions in the case of success.

Question 22

self-verification

Answer 22

motivation to affirm firmly held self-beliefs, arising from a desire for stable and coherent self-views

Question 23

sociometer theory

Answer 23

a theory that posits that our self-esteem functions as a signal of the degree to which we feel accepted or rejected by other people.

Question 24

terror management theory

Answer 24

a theory that assumes that people cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem

Question 25

self-awareness

Answer 25

a psychological state in which one’s attention is directed at the self.

Question 26

self-regulation

Answer 26

the process of controlling and directing one’s behavior in order to achieve desired thoughts, feelings, and goals.

Question 27

ego depletion

Answer 27

a temporary reduction of one’s self-regulatory capacities due to restricted energy resources after sustained self-control efforts

Question 28

self-determination theory

Answer 28

accounts for people’s reasons for self-regulation: it self-regulation is motivated by external pressure it is effortful; if it is freely chosen it is much more efficient without being depleting

Question 29

Identity negotiation

Answer 29

a process by which we establish who we are through mutual give-and-take interactions with others

Question 30

Implicit egotism

Answer 30

non-conscious or automatic positive evaluation of self-associated objects.

Question 31

self-assessment motive

Answer 31

self-assessment is the process of looking at oneself in order to assess aspects that are important to one’s identity.

Question 32

What is overjustification?

Answer 32

View their behaviour as extrinsically

caused, underestimate intrinsic reasons