Chapter 3-social perceptions and attribution Flashcards

1
Q

Social perception

A
  • How we perceive other people (characteristics) and how we explain their behavior.
  • Collecting and interpreting information about another person’s individual characteristics
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2
Q

Central trait

A

Characteristics we ca apply to a personality. Warm/cold, good/bad, active/passive, strong/weak.

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3
Q

Peripheral trait

A

a trait that does not change the overall perception of a person. Polite/blunt,

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4
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency for earlier information to be more influential in social perception and interpretation.

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5
Q

Implicit personality theories

A

we know one thing-assume many other things about that person. E.g. Intelligent people=arrogant

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6
Q

Configural model

A

Asch: Perceivers construct deeper meanings out of bits of information they receive about others.

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7
Q

Cognitive algebra

A

A proposed process for averaging or summing trait information when forming impressions of other people.

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8
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

False expectation leads to own confirmation.

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9
Q

Pygmalion effect

A

Rosenthal 1968. Student smart: better performance. Student dumb: Worse performance. Connected to self-fulfilling prophecy.

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10
Q

Attribution theory.

A

Not really a theory, more an idea. Attribution is making an inference about the cause of
behavior that we observe: “why does someone behave
this way?”

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11
Q

Two types of attribution

A

Internal and external. Character/external reason why we behave like we do

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12
Q

Covariation theory

A

Kelley 1967. We use 3 types of information to help us decide whether an event was caused by internal or external factors:
› Distinctiveness
• How does this actor behave in other situations?
› Consistency
• How does this actor usually behave in this situation?
› Consensus
• How do other actors behave?

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13
Q

Non-common effects

A

belongs to correspondent theory. when both choices have a lot in common and there are thus fewer things which differentiate them?
Gosling vs clooney-young/old=non common effect

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14
Q

Correspondence bias

A

We make many internal attributions for the
behavior of others
» We overestimate the importance of the person
» We underestimate the importance of the
situation

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15
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

Tendency to attribute our own behaviors externally

and others’ behavior internally

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16
Q

perceptual salience

A

We tend to over-estimate the causal role (salience) of information we have available to us. Taylor and Fiske (1975) arranged two people facing each other having a conversation, with other people sat in a circle around them. Afterward, they asked the people from the circle to attribute cause for several incidents. The people attributed more to the people whose faces they could see better.

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17
Q

self-serving bias

A

We are more likely to attribute our successes internally and our failures externally

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18
Q

False consensus bias

A

Assumption that people share the same personal attitudes and opinions.

19
Q

Etic approach

A

Universal characteristics of people determine our behavior.

20
Q

Emic approach

A

Characteristics of culture, situation, moment that determine our behavior.

21
Q

Attributional biases

A

Systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and other’s behavior
Correspondence bias: behavior is an reflection of an actors corresponding internal disposition (aggressive behavior reflect aggressive personality)

22
Q

Salience

A

A set of reasons that draws an observer’s attention toward a particular object

23
Q

Augmenting principle

A

The assumption that causal factors need to be stronger if an inhibitory influence on an observed effect is present. The converse of discounting principle.
Cyclist is going fast up a hill=conclude that she was able to pedal strongly enough to override the slopes power to slow her down.

24
Q

Averaging

A

Perceives compute the mean value of pieces of information about a person when other information is strongly positive, additional mildly positive information yields as a less positive impression.
Warm and boring=less positive impression
Warm and interesting=positive impression
Cold and boring=negative impression where warm and boring is better

25
Casual attribution
The social process whereby social perceives arrive at conclusions about the causes of another persons behavior
26
Casual power
An intrinsic property of an object or event that enables it to exert influence on some other object or event
27
Causal schema
We fill in missing information by reference to our existing schemas.
28
Central trait
Characteristics viewed by social perceivers as integral to the organization of personality (warm/cold)
29
Cognitive algebra
A proposed process for averaging or summing trait information when forming an impression of someone.
30
Configural model
Perceivers construct deeper meanings out of bits of information they receive about others.
31
Consensus information
How different actors behave differently towards the same object. - Hermoine: This class is boring - Your friends: This class is fun - You: Make a person attribution about Hermione as a boring person.
32
Consistency information
Evidence relating to how an actor's behavior towards an object differ across situations and times. - Hermoine: This class is boring; she only say it in front of other people to seem cool(low consistency) - Say it in different situations (high consistency)
33
Correspondent inference theory
proposes that observers infer correspondent intentions and dispositions for observed intentional behavior under certain circumstances. -Observers work out why actions are performed by comparing the effects of the selected action with those alternatives unselected actions. -Connected to analysis of non-common effects, why we choose what we chose
34
covariation theory
Kelley’s question: What kind of information do individuals use to infer whether an outcome is due to internal (person) or external (situation, entity) causes? › We use 3 types of information to help us decide whether an event was caused by internal or external factors: › Distinctiveness • How does this actor behave in other situations? › Consistency • How does this actor usually behave in this situation? › Consensus • How do other actors behave?
35
Depressive realism
The idea that depressed people have a more realistic view of the world than non-depressed people.
36
Discounting principle
Kelley. If we already believe that we have the answer to why something happens, we rule out alternatives.
37
Distinctiveness information
Evidence relating to how an observer responds to different objects under similar circumstances.
38
False consensus bias
The assumption that people generally share one's own personal attitudes and opinions.
39
Learned helplessness bias
The proposal that depression results from learning that outcomes are not contingent on one's behavior. Give up because you learned by experience that you ''can't do it''.
40
Naive scientist model
A metaphor for how social information is processed, the assumption that people seek to understand the social world in a scientific manner, but sometimes get it wrong. Perhaps some of our everyday explanations are not designed to provide a neutral characterization of reality in the first place.
41
probabilistic contrast
Cheng. A comparison when you do something frequently and then compare it to the absence of not doing it.
42
Self-serving attributional biases
Sometimes people interpret social situations in the way it suits them.
43
summation
perceivers add together information about a person to construct a meaning based on their ideas about how different personality characteristics hang together.
44
What is the difference between correspondence inference theory and covariation theory?
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