Chapter 15-Cultural influences

Question 1

What is cross-cultural replication?

Answer 1

A test whether the results of a study are the same if it’s repeated as exactly as possible in another context.

Question 2

What is the definition of culture?

Answer 2

A social system that is characterized by the same meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members.

Question 3

What is the eco-culture theory?

Answer 3

Different forms of culture have arisen as adaptations to different environmental challenges to survival.

Question 4

Who do psychologists study?

Answer 4

WEIRD. Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

Question 5

What is the nation-level factor analysis? (Hofstede) And which four dimensions do the analysis have?

Answer 5

An analysis across many nations of data in which the mean response for each survey item for each nation is treated as the unit of analysis.

• Individualism-collectivism
• Power distance: The extent to which hierarchy and deference are accepted.
• Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which a nation is averse to risk and uncertainty.
• Cultural masculinity-femininity

Question 6

What is back-translations?

Answer 6

Translating an already translated questionnaire back to the original language; made by the second translator who has not seen the previous questionnaire.

Question 7

What kind of cognitive style do collective and individualistic cultures have?
What cognitive style do Europeans have compared to Americans and Japans’?

Answer 7

Collectivistic: Holistic
Individualistic: Analytic
More holistic than Americans and more analytic than Japans’

Question 8

What are display rules?

Answer 8

Norms about whether emotions should be expressed in public or not.

Question 9

What are the six universal emotions?

Answer 9

Sadness
Happiness
Surprised
Fear
Disgust
Anger

Question 10

What is Schwartz nation level analysis?

Answer 10

Embeddedness vs. automacy values: relations with one’s long-term membership groups are prioritized rather than emotional and intellectual separateness.
Hierarchical vs. egalitarianism values: inequality is accepted and deference is given to one’s seniors rather than granting equality
Mastery vs. harmony values: achievement is sought and esteems rather than harmony