Chapter 14-Prejudice and intergroup relations

Question 1

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 1

The tendency to judge ingroup attributions as superior to those of the outgroup and, more generally, to judge outgroups from ingroup perspectives.

Question 2

What is a characteristic of an authoritarian personality?

Answer 2

Rigid regard for social conventions and submission to authority figures.

Question 3

What is discrimination?

Answer 3

Differential treatment on the basis of one’s group membership. Behavioural. When you act against a group

Question 4

What is prejudice?

Answer 4

Affective response a group elicits in us. Evaluative. An attitude towards a group that devalues it directly or indirectly often to the benefit of the self or own group.

Question 5

What is a stereotype?

Answer 5

The characteristics that we associate with a group. Cognitive. ‘‘All germans love bread’’.

Question 6

What is an authoritarian personality associated with?

Answer 6

Prejudice towards minority groups and susceptibility to fascism.

Question 7

How are the right-wing authoritarian?

Answer 7

Highly conventional/traditional, submissive and aggressive

Question 8

What did Milgram understand with his study?

Answer 8

That perpetrators are ‘normal’ people.

Question 9

What is the social dominance theory?

Answer 9

Forming group-based hierarchies is a universal human tendency.

Question 10

What did the robber’s cave experiment say that a joint goal led to?

Answer 10

Positive interdependence-Cooperation-Harmony in the group

Question 11

What did the robber’s cave experiment say that conflicting goals led to?

Answer 11

Negative interdependence-Competition-Conflict/ethnocentrisism

Question 12

What does the social identity theory by Tajfel say?

Answer 12

It’s the central idea that people seek positive distinctiveness in groups.

Question 13

What does it mean by personal identity salient?

Answer 13

A positive distinction with regard to other people.

Question 14

What does it mean by social identity salient?

Answer 14

A positive distinction with regard to other groups.

Question 15

Social identity theory: What do we do if we want to leave a low-status group? (Permeable)

Answer 15

Individual mobility/flexibility: Able to leave your group to enter a higher level group. (Access to outgroup)

Question 16

Social identity theory: What do we do if we want to leave a low-status group? (Impermeable)

Answer 16

Intergroup relations: Stable+legitamate-‘‘We have a lot of fun so it doesn’t matter if I am in a lower status group’‘-Social creative (Different perception ingroup)
Intergroup relations: Unstable+not legitimate-“We shouldn’t be the lower team’‘-Social competition (conflict outgroup)

Question 17

What is the accentuation effect?

Answer 17

When social categories are correlated with a continuous dimension (skin colour, eye shape) there is a judgmental tendency to overestimate similarities within and differences between the categories and this dimensions. (E.g. When you hear Africa you think of people with dark skin when in fact there are people in Africa with lighter skin than some Europeans)

Question 18

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

Answer 18

The tendency to see an outgroup as more homogeneous as the ingroup. (We see more variations in our own group because those are the people we tend to see. We have more difficulties to differentiate between Asians if we are not Asian)

Question 19

What is the illusory correlation effect?

Answer 19

The tendency to perceive a relationship that does not actually exist (e.g. between a group and a negative behaviour-‘‘All germans talk during the lectures’’ It’s only because the group is 90% germans and therefore it seems that way)

Question 20

What are superordinate goals?

Answer 20

Goals that can only be achieved by two groups working together: Reduces prejudice

Question 21

What is positive interdependence?

Answer 21

Positive bonds between individuals/groups characterized by cooperation, reciprocity and mutual benefits: Ingroup

Question 22

What is negative interdependence?

Answer 22

Bonds between individuals or groups characterized by conflicts of interests, often leading to antagonism/hostility: Outgroup

Question 23

What is positive-negative asymmetry?

Answer 23

Evidence that people show more ingroup bias when distributing rewards than punishment or penalties. (Winning a world cup(we are all united as a group), rather than losing it)

Question 24

What is decategorization?

Answer 24

› Categorization less meaningful
› See as individuals rather than as group members
‘‘Let’s not see ourselves as Swedish, German, English etc. See us as individuals instead’’
Problem: People don’t want to give up their group membership

Question 25

What is recategorization?

Answer 25

› Replace categorization by higher-order categorization
› No intergroup conflict because ‘outgroup’ has become part of own group
Countries joining the EU to become a nation together.
Superordinate salient
Problem: Resistance (minority groups: loss of power). People do not want to lose their own identity/culture

Question 26

What is dual identity?

Answer 26

Two identities

Dual identity works best for low-status groups