Chapter 5 - Epidemiology

Question 1

Determine what diseases in community and risk factors for community - lot models and use rates to determine it
Also Is the principal science of public health

Answer 1

Intro to epidemiology

Question 2

EX descriptive epidemiology
Person:
Place:
Time:

Answer 2

Person-place-time model descriptive epidemiology

Question 3

“Who” factors (in whom did they occur), such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status

Answer 3

Person: - Person-place-time model descriptive epidemiology

Question 4

“Where” factors (where did they occur), such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, and political and social environment

Answer 4

Place: - Person-place-time model descriptive epidemiology

Question 5

“When” factors (when did the cases occur), such as time of day, week, or month and secular trends over months and year

Answer 5

Time: - Person-place-time model descriptive epidemiology

Question 6

Host <-> agent <-> enviornment
Analytical model - relationship between models
Agent -
Host -
Environment -
Examine interrelationship between host and other enviornmental characteristics; organized method of inquiry to derive explanation of disease
Model of investigation called this - analyze all 3 elements
Development disease depends on exposure host has, virulence of agent, susepctibility
Enviornmental conditions imp
Rate disease change when balance of these factors altered
Agent - causes disease
Host - get infected
Enviornment - exists at time of exposure

Answer 6

Epidemiological triangle

Question 7

what causing disease: genetic, pathogen; etiological factor (anything causing issue)

Answer 7

Agent - Epidemiological triangle

Question 8

infected; human/group humans; intrinsic factor

Answer 8

Host - Epidemiological triangle

Question 9

immediate of person, climate, natural disasters, city in and factors of city; extrinsic factor - around host contributing to issue

Answer 9

Environment - Epidemiological triangle

Question 10

Analytic model
Whichever having most impact bigger; size genetic core not same; quick glance of interaction
Consists hub: host and human characteristics: genetic makeup, personality, immunity - surrounding - environment: social, biological, physical
Size of each component in wheel depends on health prob
Large genetic core: health conditions associated with heredity
Origins of other health probs may be dependent on other health factors
Subscribes to multiple causation theory

Answer 10

Wheel model of human enviornment interaction

Question 11

Looking at disease process and factors contributing to it
Analytical model - complex interactions - risk factors: can and cannot change
Following the discovery of the causative agents of many infectious diseases, the focus of public health shifted to chronic diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and diabetes.
Not use if short term - use simpler model
A lot factors go into it
Development of Chronic diseases tend to be associated with multifactorial interrelated factors rather than single causative agents.
Risk factor identification is of particular important to chronic disease reduction
Risk factor Identification is critical to identify specific prevention and intervention approaches that effectively and efficiently reduce chronic disease morbidity and mortality.

Answer 11

Multiple causation (web of causation)

Question 12

Incidence rates - principle morbidity rate
Attack rates
Prevalence rate - principle morbidity rate

Answer 12

Morbidity: incidence and prevalence

Question 13

Describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a community over a given period relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that same period
Acute disease - comes up fast and temp
May be the most sensitive indicator of the changing health of a community, because it captures the fluctuations of disease in a population - changes daily
Valuable for monitoring trends in chronic disease and useful in detecting short-term changes in acute disease (influenza or measles) in which the duration of the disease is typically short
Number new cases compared to number people in pop

Answer 13

Incidence rates - principle morbidity rate

Question 14

(specialized form of the incidence rate) – document the number of new cases of disease in those exposed to the disease
Number new cases compared to number people exposed
Exposed been reported

Answer 14

Attack rates

Question 15

Number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time; in specific time
Need know number existing cases and total population
Influenced by the number of people who experience a particular condition and the duration

Answer 15

Prevalence rate - principle morbidity rate

Question 16

Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention

Answer 16

Use of epidemiology in disease prevention

Question 17

2 types are this: actions that generate healthy lifestyle and reduce risk of specific diseases
When interventions occur before disease development
Actions - Health promotion (example – diet and exercise) Specific protection (example - immunizations)
Education - lowering risk for disease

Answer 17

Primary prevention - Use of epidemiology in disease prevention

Question 18

(occurs after pathogenesis/has disease but not know it - screenings)
Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment
Actions – (examples - mammography, guaiac testing of feces, treatment of infections, dental caries); PCP visits

Answer 18

Secondary prevention - Use of epidemiology in disease prevention

Question 19

Action - Focuses on limitation of disability and the rehabilitation of those with irreversible diseases
Has disease - started treatment - mitigate impact has on QOL - send to rehab - regain as much functionality knowing have disease
Studies examine risk factors affecting function and suggest optimal strategies in the care of patients with chronic advanced disease

Answer 19

Tertiary prevention - Use of epidemiology in disease prevention