Chapter 15 Health in the Global Community

Question 1

Human health and its influence on every aspect of life are central to the global agenda
Globalization
Most commonly seen: pandemic: supply chain issues
Global health:

Answer 1

Overview

Question 2

the process of increasing social and economic dependence and integration as capital, goods, persons/people, concepts, images, ideas, and values cross state boundaries - is inextricably linked to the benefits and challenges of our time

Answer 2

Globalization

Question 3

people who travel between borders can expose others to disease

Answer 3

Global health:

Question 4

World population distribution is uneven
Life expectancy varies significantly in different countries - some have longer; some due with culture and diet considerations; some due to medical access
As the world population grows, a global trend toward urbanization occurs - live closer together; threatens health because of enviornmental factors and diseas

Answer 4

Population characteristics

Question 5

Relationship between humans and their environments is an important component of individual, family, and global health
Developing countries: focus on sanitation, safe water, vaccinations
Lot people there and using up resources; finite amount resources and have be very conscious of how using resources
Environmental stressors people put on enviroment
Air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution are among the consequences of environmental stressors

Answer 5

Environmental factors

Question 6

Directly assault human health (lead poisoning, air pollution) - populate cities, more companies and tech emitting more air pollution; huge impact on human health; can hurt resp issues and lead to overcrowding in cities
Damage society’s goods and services (effects of air pollution on products and structures); Limited access to healthcare
Affect quality of life – QOL (noise and litter); overpopulation: overcrowded living conditions - no personal space
Global warming (interfere with the ecological balance)
Natural disasters, terrorism, and war affect all aspects of life

Answer 6

Environmental stressors people put on enviroment - Environmental factors

Question 7

Lifestyles, health and cultural beliefs, infrastructure, economics, and politics all affect existing illnesses and society’s commitment to prevention: abortion, COVID; impacting economies with political preferences/mandates eventually impact health of world; need have plan in place how handle the aftermath
Lot diff causes: main cause - gen overpop; not figured out how to equitably care all resources
Disease patterns vary throughout the world – primary causes of death differ in developed and developing countries
Racial, ethnic, and access health disparities exist within and between countries
Primary causes of death

Answer 7

Patterns of health and disease

Question 8

Developed countries
Developing countries

Answer 8

Primary causes of death - Patterns of health and disease

Question 9

have experienced an epidemiological transition from having an infectious disease profile to chronic disease
Primary COD: Cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases (COPD), cancer
US

Answer 9

Developed countries

Question 10

COD: worry about infectious diseases, malnutrition, and violence as primary; seeking to become more adv
Infectious diseases: AIDS, TB (worldwide pandemic: COVID - overcrowding may spread TB, shutting down businesses: centers giving aid/testing specific to TB - cannot distribute care, prevention, or provide edu; see rise because coming out isolation, socializing with people, preventative resources are running but playing catchup), malaria, hepatitis B, rheumatic heart disease, parasitic infection, and dengue fever – could be reduced by 50% through effective public health interventions
Immunization best one to use

Answer 10

Developing countries

Question 11

WHO (World Health Organization)
PAHO (Pan American Health Organization)
UN (United Nations)
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) - collab with UN; specific regions/countries
UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
World Bank
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
ICN (International Council of Nurses)
HHS (US Department of Health and Human Services)

Answer 11

International agencies and organizations

Question 12

1948
International health agency of the United Nations
Directs and coordinates international health efforts, disseminates global health standards and guidelines, and help countries address public health concerns
Worldwide
Represent all on planet

Answer 12

WHO (World Health Organization)

Question 13

International public health agency to improve the health and living standards of the Americas
Century experience
Regional office of the WHO and recognized as part of the United Nations system
Each nation has own PAHO

Answer 13

PAHO (Pan American Health Organization)

Question 14

1945 after WWII
Comprises 193 nations committed to world peace and security through international cooperation
Attempts to resolve global conflicts and formulates policies that affect all nations
If solutions not found, debate in UN; aggressor still part of UN and still have say and plead case but UN can say not appropriate and need stop; if listens up to them
All member nations have an equal vote in the decision making process - democratic process
Handles health threats and economic, political threats

Answer 14

UN (United Nations)

Question 15

Carter Center – founded in 1982
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – founded in 2000

Answer 15

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) - collab with UN; specific regions/countries

Question 16

Objectives: focus on: prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, to improve health and quality of life
Work with other regional groups/organizations globally

Answer 16

Carter Center – founded in 1982

Question 17

Globally, the foundation focuses on reducing hunger and poverty and improving health
Within Africa, the foundation has had a profound/huge effect on prevention and treatment of HIV, TB, and malaria - pet projects
Improve HS edu

Answer 17

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – founded in 2000

Question 18

Founded to assist millions of sick and hungry children in war-ravaged Europe and China - whatever areas need it in world
Now addresses the needs of children and women throughout the world
Not govt organization; cannot dictate what occurs so would need help from UN

Answer 18

UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)

Question 19

Major goal is to improve the health status of individuals living in areas that lack economic development
For sustainable economic growth
Goal: Stoke economic development in varying areas of world; talk with leaders to see what improve health status and economic development to improve QOL

Answer 19

World Bank

Question 20

Principal agency in the U.S. government for protecting the health and safety of all Americans and for providing essential human services
US national health organization
Founded in 1946 to help control malaria
National authority on health
At the forefront of public health efforts to prevent and control infectious and chronic diseases, injuries, workplace hazards, disabilities, and environmental health threats and to protect the health of international travelers through advisories and immunization and vaccine recommendations
Interested in Applies research and findings to improve people’s daily lives - give advice to nation
Responds to health emergencies by issuing recommendations/protocols on mandates and when they are appropriate
Commited to achieved EB health improvements

Answer 20

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Question 21

Group nurses throughout world
Share information, research, engage in research with each other
From nursing standpoint - recommendations and interventions appropriate for community

Answer 21

ICN (International Council of Nurses)

Question 22

Oversee medicare

Answer 22

HHS (US Department of Health and Human Services)

Question 23

Research and development must be appropriate and relevant to infectious diseases that affect the poor - disproproprtionaly affected by lack of healthcare - not have it and then worse in sys
Need to systematically generate an information base that countries can use to shape the future of their health care systems
Need to consider determinants of health
Use population-based approaches to address system access, quality, efficiency, effectiveness, and value-based care
Collaborate to solve the problems of health care delivery systems
Two basic health care systems (market based - downstream, resources to mitigate damage after illness/outbreak occurred - and population based - upstream, preventative measures)
Effective health care delivery systems must:

Answer 23

International health care delivery sys

Question 24

Increase access and efficiency - money, politics; struggle always in US
Improve health status through health promotion and disease prevention - core of C/PH; drastically underfunded - not respond should/want to when emergencies because resources not there
Eliminate health disparities - wherever live/work drive around to know area, resources available, idea what need based on observations: windshield surveys
Protect individuals and families from financial loss caused by catastrophic illness - hard dig out financial loss once in it; figure out how mitigate it because then in poverty that cannot climb out of; all socioeconomic areas; tax reliefs, mandates insurance companies cover care, caps on certain care on COVID care

Answer 24

Effective health care delivery systems must: - International health care delivery sys

Question 25

Seek to ensure the attainment of health for all in a cost-effective, efficient, accessible health care system
Know the community; reach out and learn about region/nation and then beyond that; affecting our resources when something happens
Must be involved in research, community assessment, planning, implementation, management, evaluation, health services delivery, disaster preparedness and emergency response, health policy, advocacy, and legislation
Coordinate work with other health care personnel, as well as informal and formal community leaders; local and global leaders - needs community/nation; options available/needed - lobby to get cost-effective, efficient healthcare to people; find out what their research shown so can put together good plan of care
Need be involved in research; put enough of it so can focus on enough - where everything comes from
Primary health care
Primary care

Answer 25

Role of the community health nurse in international care

Question 26

Essential services that support a healthy life
Involves access, availability, service delivery, community participation, and the citizen’s right to health care

Answer 26

Primary health care - Role of the community health nurse in international care

Question 27

First line or point-of-access medical and nursing care controlled by providers and focused on the individual
Shortage of PCP
May not be the norm as needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual
Priority: prevention

Answer 27

Primary care - Role of the community health nurse in international care

Question 28

Nurses can make a difference in helping solve the existing and emerging health problems in countries throughout the world
All nurses in the world must understand and learn from one another - imp assets
Community public health nurses can improve access to care for the most vulnerable and hard-to-reach groups
The future demands evidence-based education, practice, engagement, service, growth in information technology/health informatics, and local to global health policy and advocacy
Population-based nursing experts are critical to solving the challenges of the fragmented, mismanaged, expensive, ineffective, inefficient health care delivery system that exists in many parts of the global community

Answer 28

Role of the community health nurse in international care