Chapter 30 School Health Flashcards
School primary institution for development of children in US
The healthy development of children and adolescents is influenced by many societal institutions, and after the family, the school is the primary institution responsible for the development of young people in the United States
Academic success and healthy children and youth are closely intertwined - it is impossible to achieve success in school without maximizing the health of the students
School age children and adolescents encounter increasingly diff challenges related to health many of which are behaviors/risks leading to death
EX behaviors: tobacco use, use alcohol/drugs, poor nutrition habits, inadequate phys activity, irresponsible sexual behavior, violence, suicide, reckless driving
National association of school nurses recommends 1 school nurse/750 students in gen pop; 1 nurse/225 students in mainstream special edu; 1 nurse nurse/125 severely chronically ill/developmentally disable pop
In the U.S, 55.6 million children attend school every day - the school nurse has a unique opportunity to have a positive impact on the nation’s youth
Decreased or inferior medical care has been linked to serious health problems resulting in an increase in absenteeism that may be correlated with failure in school
Poor academic performance is strongly correlated with uninsured status of youth; and the acquisition of health insurance leads to an increase in school performance
School nurses have opportunity to make + impact on students seen: through edu, counseling, advocacy, direct care across all levels of pop; can improve immediate long-term health of students
Overview
Established/development to promote positive health behaviors for students in all grades
Standards Gives educators, administrators, and policy makers a framework for developing and designing health education programs in schools
Standards are written to promote personal, family, and community health in students, targeting grades 2, 5, 8, and 12
Standards specify that the students will:
National health education standards
Comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention to enhance health
Analyze the influence of family, peers, culture, media, technology, and other factors on health behaviors
Demonstrate the ability to access valid information, products, and services to enhance health
Demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to enhance health and avoid or reduce health risks
Demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health
Demonstrate the ability to use goal-setting skills to enhance health
Demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors and avoid or reduce health risks
Demonstrate the ability to advocate for personal, family, and community health
Standards specify that the students will:
Essential; where learn and get healthy or where risk factors for specific diseases/violence identified; lot diff habits; nurse identifies all diff things; health and academic performance tied together
school
School health services may vary by states and school districts
The CDC (federal agency conducts and promotes health promotion, prevention and preparedness of activities in US with goal of improving overall public health) identified the following six high-risk behaviors as needing to be targeted in health education courses:
These problems and behaviors are preventable and often coexist; they also lead to both social and educational problems that contribute to our nation’s high dropout and unemployment rates and crime statistics
Injury prevention
Tobacco use
Substance abuse
Sex ed
Health edu - know high points
Alcohol and drug use
Injury and violence (including suicide)
Tobacco use
Poor nutrition
Lack of physical activity
Sexual behavior that results in STDs or unwanted pregnancies
The CDC (federal agency conducts and promotes health promotion, prevention and preparedness of activities in US with goal of improving overall public health) identified the following six high-risk behaviors as needing to be targeted in health education courses:
Should be taught early in schools and info be age appropriate
Bicycle safety and including use helmets - stressed in elementary schools; Bike safety and using helmets - Prevent head injuries - primary intervention
Proper use of backpacks - stressed in elementary schools; How wear backpack so not end up with back issues; wear over both shoulders and properly adjusted prevents back injuries
Schoolyard and playground safety - stressed in elementary schools; lot children injured on playgrounds yearly
Motor vehicle safety for adolescents - beginning to drive; include hazards distracted driving (cellphones) and texting; Late MS/in HS - drivers ed so sign up; Texting and drinking and driving - distracted
Sports safety - imp among adolescents
Use of proper equipment mandatory for those in sports
Regular hydration and frequent rest periods required to prevent heat related illness
Effective warm-up, and cool-down activities encouraged to prevent muscle strain
Pool safety if participate in aquatic sports
Injury prevention
Lot concerns raised about long term effects of adolescents who use alcohol and drugs
Adolescent smoking has been closely correlated with alcohol use and other drugs
Smoking is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States
Cigarette smoking has declined significantly, but the usage of other forms of tobacco has emerged - e-cigs and smokeless tobacco increased
Prevention should be a priority in youth because 9 out of 10 cigarette smokers first tried smoking by 18 years of age
More than 25% of high school students in 2015 used some form of tobacco
Prioritize use even tho dropped on incidence - smoke started before 18 years; target vaping more or nicotine gum - consequences to both
Tobacco use
Use of alcohol and other drugs is associated with problems in school, injuries, violence, and motor vehicle deaths
Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among children and adolescents is alcohol
Most abused in late MS and HS - whether at home or with friends
Educate students about alcohol use and consequence of it
Treatment programs for adolescents with alcohol addiction
Alcohol - Substance abuse
The most commonly used illicit drug in the United States is marijuana - changing in some state
Use of other illegal drugs in high school students includes cocaine, hallucinogenics, Ecstasy, inhalants, heroin, methamphetamine, steroids, and prescription drugs -opioids (Vicodin or OxyContin), depressants or antianxiety medications (Valium or Xanax) or stimulants (Ritalin or Adderall)
Particular concern growing regarding prescription drugs: many children and adolescents get from fam members legally prescribed to unknown to them
Use of illegal anabolic steroids has decreased, but remains a concern because of the number of athletes who abuse the drugs; More worrisome are drugs/meds that are legal and getting from people legally prescribed to unknown to person and abusing them - aderol/antianxiety; Watch for meds that might be considered legal: aderol/antianxiety but manufacterued outside and laced with fentanyl - is a prob because tiny dose can kill someone; mixed into drugs and not know; educate early not taking pills/meds not prescribed to you; adhere to how prescribed to be taken
Illicit Drugs - Substance abuse
Number issues in healthy people 2020 discuss issues of sexuality, prevention prengnancy, STDs, HIV - imp for working iwth older children/adolescents
Many teens become sexually active at an early age
Despite recent declines, pregnancy rates continue to be high
Teen mothers are less likely to complete high school
Teen mothers are more likely to be single parents
Teen mothers are more likely to live in poverty
Sex education in the school setting is a controversial topic and laws vary in between states
Opponents of sex education believe that the parents have the responsibility for teaching this content to their children – laws in certain states prohibit or dramatically limit sex education in public schools
24 states and the District of Columbia mandate that public schools teach sex education
No research that concludes that sex education in the schools increases sexual activity
Controversial topic
Sign wavers now and some opt out because fam want that
Whether offered in school district and how offered varies by state
Sex ed
Children today are less active
Children are becoming more sedentary as a result of
Increased use of computers and television
Decreasing requirements for physical education
Sedentary lifestyle is associated with obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes – studies show that people who are active have a better quality of life and outlive those who are inactive
Habits in childhood are likely to continue into adulthood and make it imperative that children taught importance of being physically active at young age
Children and adolescents who are physically active have increased self-confidence and self-esteem and decreased anxiety, stress, and depression
Obesity - epidemic in kids and adults; prob is because in gen as society is less active; computers can play on computer and engage with them; recess is slowly going away - instead sit longer in school - can cause lot probs with obesity and increases stress level and anxiety; no outlet for feelings having
Phys edu
Provided in schools preventative services
May also include emergency care, management of chronic conditions, appropriate referrals, health counseling, edu about healthy lifestyles, med admin
Immunizations
Health screening
Health services
Decreased because of vaccine; certain requirement for certain immunizations to go to school and list have do
Vital component of routine healthcare
Many communicable diseases in gen have decreased because vaccination; have been reduced by more than 99% as a result of these
All states now require proof of current immunization status or evidence of immunity before a child can enter school; certain exceptions may apply
School nurse plays vital role in ensuring immunization compliance and educating children and parents about benefits of immunization
Immunizations
Vision and hearing - provided by most schools set by state/school district; child entry school in elementary and once in HS - snellen
Scoliosis or postural screening - done identify spinal deviation to prevent secondary probs; primary visualization inspection of back; screening girls 10 and 12; boys 13/14
High blood pressure - imp tool identify who may benefit from early intervention
Height, weight, BMI - periodic screenings that may be mandated by state
Dental screenings
EPSDT: Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment created by Medicaid because large number of uninsured children; comprehensive child health program for uninsured and under age 21; includes health edu and periodic screening; May bring dentist and dental services available
Bring in all diff health services
In school
Might be only access affordable that family has - no insurance/enough cash for preventative visit so school is preventative provider
Health screening
