Ch 3

Question 1

Upstream thinking

Answer 1

Focusing on modifying economic, politic, enviornmental factors that are precursors of poor health throughout world

Question 2

Microscopic vs macroscopic

Answer 2

Microscopic - indiv pat; micro focus contains health prob of interest; focus on indiv
Macroscopic - society/social economic factors influencing health status; broaden view; this perspective provide nurses with conceptual tools that empower clients to make health decisions on basisi interests of community at large

Question 3

Review of theoretical approaches

Answer 3

Differences among approaches demonstrate how draw diverse conclusions about reasons for bheavior and range of interventions
Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing
HBM
Milio’s framework for prevention
Critical social theory perspective

Question 4

Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing

(Review of theoretical approaches)

Answer 4

Indiv focus - micro
Assumption that self-care needs and activities primary focus of nursing prac
This theory actual composite of related constructs: theory self-care deficits (provides criteria for identifying those who need nursing), theory self-care (explains self-care and why needed), theory nursing sys (specifies nursing’s role in delivery care and how helps people)

Question 5

HBM (Review of theoretical approaches)

Answer 5

Indiv focus - micro
Behavior based on current dynamics confronting indiv rather than prior experiences
Based on assumption that major determinant of preventive health behavior is disease avoidance which includes perceiving susceptibility, perceived seriousness, modifying factors, cues to action, perceived benefits minus perceived barriers to preventive health action, perceived threats, likelihood of taking recommended health action

Question 6

Milio’s framework for prevention (Review of theoretical approaches)

Answer 6

Thinking upstream; society focus of change; macro
Directs attention upstream and examining opportunities for nursing intervention at pop level
Main reason for unhealthy behavior = lack of knowledge
National-health policy best way affect health
Health deficits from imbalance between health needs and health-sustaining resources
Personal and societal resouces afffect range health-promoting and health-damaging choices
People will make the easiest decision
Health-promoting choices must cost less

Question 7

Critical social theory perspective (Review of theoretical approaches)

Answer 7

Thinking upstream; society focus of change; macro
Societal awareness to expose social inequalities that keep people from reaching full potential
Social meanings structure life through social domination
Does not recard health care as sacred; accepts no truth/fact merely because accepted in past
Social aspects health and illness complex to use only one perspective
Assumes health and illness entail societal and personal values and values made explicit if illness and healthcare probs satisfactorily dealt with
Truth standards socially determined and no form scientific inquiry value free