Chapter 5 Flashcards
Hope
According to Erikson an opennes to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance
Will
According to Erikson a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance
Purpose
According to Erikson balance between indiviative and the willingness to cooperate with others
Evolutionary Psychology
Theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptations to the environments
Attachments
Enduring socioemotional relationship between infants and their caregivers
Secure Attachment
Relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers
Avoidant Attachment
Relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation
Resistant Attachment
Relationship in which after a brief separation infants want to be held but are difficult to console
Disorganized Attachment
Relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers
Internal Working Model
Infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationship throughout the child’s life
Basic Emotions
Emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior
Social Smiles
Smile the infants produce when they see a human face
Stranger Wariness
First distinct signs of fear that emerge around 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults
Social Referencing
Behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation
Parallel Play
When children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing
Simple Social Play
Play that begins at about 15 to 18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other
Cooperative Play
Play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age
Enabling Actions
Individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction
Constricting Actions
Interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other
Prosocial Behavior
Any behavior that benefits another person
Altruism
Prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior
Empathy
Experiencing another person’s feelings
Social Role
Set of cultural guidelines about how one should behave especially with other people
Gender Stereotypes
Beliefs and images about males and females that are not necessarily true
Relational Aggression
Aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
Gender Identity
sense of oneself as male or female
Gender Labeling
Young children’s understanding that they are either a boy or a girl and naming themselves accordingly
Gender Stability
Understanding in preschool children that boys become men and girls become women
Gender Constancy
Understanding that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or personal wishes
Gender-Schema Theory
Theory that states children want to learn more about activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine
