Chapter 5

Question 1

Hope

Answer 1

According to Erikson an opennes to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance

Question 2

Will

Answer 2

According to Erikson a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance

Question 3

Purpose

Answer 3

According to Erikson balance between indiviative and the willingness to cooperate with others

Question 4

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 4

Theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptations to the environments

Question 5

Attachments

Answer 5

Enduring socioemotional relationship between infants and their caregivers

Question 6

Secure Attachment

Answer 6

Relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers

Question 7

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 7

Relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation

Question 8

Resistant Attachment

Answer 8

Relationship in which after a brief separation infants want to be held but are difficult to console

Question 9

Disorganized Attachment

Answer 9

Relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers

Question 10

Internal Working Model

Answer 10

Infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationship throughout the child’s life

Question 11

Basic Emotions

Answer 11

Emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior

Question 12

Social Smiles

Answer 12

Smile the infants produce when they see a human face

Question 13

Stranger Wariness

Answer 13

First distinct signs of fear that emerge around 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults

Question 14

Social Referencing

Answer 14

Behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation

Question 15

Parallel Play

Answer 15

When children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing

Question 16

Simple Social Play

Answer 16

Play that begins at about 15 to 18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other

Question 17

Cooperative Play

Answer 17

Play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age

Question 18

Enabling Actions

Answer 18

Individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction

Question 19

Constricting Actions

Answer 19

Interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other

Question 20

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 20

Any behavior that benefits another person

Question 21

Altruism

Answer 21

Prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior

Question 22

Empathy

Answer 22

Experiencing another person’s feelings

Question 23

Social Role

Answer 23

Set of cultural guidelines about how one should behave especially with other people

Question 24

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 24

Beliefs and images about males and females that are not necessarily true

Question 25

Relational Aggression

Answer 25

Aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships

Question 26

Gender Identity

Answer 26

sense of oneself as male or female

Question 27

Gender Labeling

Answer 27

Young children’s understanding that they are either a boy or a girl and naming themselves accordingly

Question 28

Gender Stability

Answer 28

Understanding in preschool children that boys become men and girls become women

Question 29

Gender Constancy

Answer 29

Understanding that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or personal wishes

Question 30

Gender-Schema Theory

Answer 30

Theory that states children want to learn more about activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine