Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Hope

A

According to Erikson an opennes to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance

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2
Q

Will

A

According to Erikson a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance

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3
Q

Purpose

A

According to Erikson balance between indiviative and the willingness to cooperate with others

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4
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptations to the environments

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5
Q

Attachments

A

Enduring socioemotional relationship between infants and their caregivers

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6
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers

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7
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation

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8
Q

Resistant Attachment

A

Relationship in which after a brief separation infants want to be held but are difficult to console

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9
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

Relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers

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10
Q

Internal Working Model

A

Infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationship throughout the child’s life

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11
Q

Basic Emotions

A

Emotions experienced by humankind and that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior

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12
Q

Social Smiles

A

Smile the infants produce when they see a human face

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13
Q

Stranger Wariness

A

First distinct signs of fear that emerge around 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults

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14
Q

Social Referencing

A

Behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation

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15
Q

Parallel Play

A

When children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing

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16
Q

Simple Social Play

A

Play that begins at about 15 to 18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other

17
Q

Cooperative Play

A

Play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age

18
Q

Enabling Actions

A

Individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction

19
Q

Constricting Actions

A

Interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other

20
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

Any behavior that benefits another person

21
Q

Altruism

A

Prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her behavior

22
Q

Empathy

A

Experiencing another person’s feelings

23
Q

Social Role

A

Set of cultural guidelines about how one should behave especially with other people

24
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Beliefs and images about males and females that are not necessarily true

25
Relational Aggression
Aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
26
Gender Identity
sense of oneself as male or female
27
Gender Labeling
Young children's understanding that they are either a boy or a girl and naming themselves accordingly
28
Gender Stability
Understanding in preschool children that boys become men and girls become women
29
Gender Constancy
Understanding that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or personal wishes
30
Gender-Schema Theory
Theory that states children want to learn more about activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine