Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Scheme

A

According to Piaget; A mental structure that organizes information and regulates behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Assimilation

A

According to Piaget; Taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Accomidation

A

Piaget; Changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Equilibrium

A

Piaget; A process by which children reorganize their schemes to return to a state of equilibrium when disequilibrium occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sensorimotor Period

A

The first four stages of Piaget’s Cognetive development, which last from birth to approximately 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Object Permanence

A

Understanding aquired in infancy that objects exist independently of oneself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Egocentrism

A

Difficulty seeing the world from another’s point of view; typical of children in the preoperational period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Animism

A

Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike projections such as feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Centration

A

According to Piaget narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of preoperational children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Core Knowledge Hypothesis

A

Infants are born with rudimentary knowledge of the world, which is elaborated based on experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Teleological Explanations

A

Children’s belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Essentialism

A

Children’s belief that all living things have an essence that can’t be seen but gives a living thing its identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mental Hardware

A

Mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mental Software

A

Mental “programs” that are the basis for performing particular tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Attention

A

Processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Orienting Response

A

An individual views a strong or unfamiliar stimulusand changes in heart rate and brain-wave activity occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Habituation

A

Becoming unresponsive to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly

18
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov; A form of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus and a response originally produced by another stinulus

19
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Viewing of learning, proposed by BF Skinner that emphasizes reward and punishment

20
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Memories of the significant events and experiences of one’s own life

21
Q

One-to-One Principle

A

counting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted

22
Q

Stable-Order Principle

A

Counting principle that states that number names must always be counted in the same order

23
Q

Cardinality Principle

A

Counting principle that the last number name denotes the number of objects being counted

24
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

Mutual shared understanding among participants in an activity

25
Guided Participation
Children's involvement in structured activities with others who are more skilled, typically producing cognitive growth
26
Zone of Proximal Development
difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone
27
Scaffolding
A style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner's needs
28
Private Speech
A child's comments that are not intended for others bit are designed instead to help regulate the child's own behavior
29
Phonemes
Unique sounds used to create words; the basic building blocks of language
30
Infant-Directed Speech
Speech that adults with infants that is slow and has exaggerated changes in pitch and volume; it is thought to aid language acquisition
31
Cooing
Early vowel-like sounds that babies produce
32
Babbling
Speechlike sounds that consist of vowel consonant combination: common at about 6 months
33
Fast Mapping
A child's connections between words and referents that are made so quickly that he or she cannot consider all the possible meanings of the word
34
Underextension
When children define words more narrowly than adults do
35
Overextension
When children define words more broadly than adults do
36
Referential Style
Language learning style of children whose vocabularies are dominated by names of objects, persons, or actions
37
Expressive Style
Language learning style of children whose vocabularies include many social phrases that are used like one word
38
Phonological Memory
Ability to remember speech sounds briefly; an important skill in acquiring vocabulary
39
Telegraphic Speech
Speech used by young children that contains only the words necessary to convey a message
40
Grammatical Morphemes
Words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical
41
Overregularization
Grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule