Chapter 4 Flashcards
Scheme
According to Piaget; A mental structure that organizes information and regulates behavior
Assimilation
According to Piaget; Taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows
Accomidation
Piaget; Changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge
Equilibrium
Piaget; A process by which children reorganize their schemes to return to a state of equilibrium when disequilibrium occurs
Sensorimotor Period
The first four stages of Piaget’s Cognetive development, which last from birth to approximately 2 years
Object Permanence
Understanding aquired in infancy that objects exist independently of oneself
Egocentrism
Difficulty seeing the world from another’s point of view; typical of children in the preoperational period
Animism
Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike projections such as feelings
Centration
According to Piaget narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of preoperational children
Core Knowledge Hypothesis
Infants are born with rudimentary knowledge of the world, which is elaborated based on experience
Teleological Explanations
Children’s belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose
Essentialism
Children’s belief that all living things have an essence that can’t be seen but gives a living thing its identity
Mental Hardware
Mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate
Mental Software
Mental “programs” that are the basis for performing particular tasks
Attention
Processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual
Orienting Response
An individual views a strong or unfamiliar stimulusand changes in heart rate and brain-wave activity occur
Habituation
Becoming unresponsive to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov; A form of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus and a response originally produced by another stinulus
Operant Conditioning
Viewing of learning, proposed by BF Skinner that emphasizes reward and punishment
Autobiographical Memory
Memories of the significant events and experiences of one’s own life
One-to-One Principle
counting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted
Stable-Order Principle
Counting principle that states that number names must always be counted in the same order
Cardinality Principle
Counting principle that the last number name denotes the number of objects being counted
Intersubjectivity
Mutual shared understanding among participants in an activity
Guided Participation
Children’s involvement in structured activities with others who are more skilled, typically producing cognitive growth
Zone of Proximal Development
difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone
Scaffolding
A style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner’s needs
Private Speech
A child’s comments that are not intended for others bit are designed instead to help regulate the child’s own behavior
Phonemes
Unique sounds used to create words; the basic building blocks of language
Infant-Directed Speech
Speech that adults with infants that is slow and has exaggerated changes in pitch and volume; it is thought to aid language acquisition
Cooing
Early vowel-like sounds that babies produce
Babbling
Speechlike sounds that consist of vowel consonant combination: common at about 6 months
Fast Mapping
A child’s connections between words and referents that are made so quickly that he or she cannot consider all the possible meanings of the word
Underextension
When children define words more narrowly than adults do
Overextension
When children define words more broadly than adults do
Referential Style
Language learning style of children whose vocabularies are dominated by names of objects, persons, or actions
Expressive Style
Language learning style of children whose vocabularies include many social phrases that are used like one word
Phonological Memory
Ability to remember speech sounds briefly; an important skill in acquiring vocabulary
Telegraphic Speech
Speech used by young children that contains only the words necessary to convey a message
Grammatical Morphemes
Words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical
Overregularization
Grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule
