Chapter 4

Question 1

Scheme

Answer 1

According to Piaget; A mental structure that organizes information and regulates behavior

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

According to Piaget; Taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows

Question 3

Accomidation

Answer 3

Piaget; Changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge

Question 4

Equilibrium

Answer 4

Piaget; A process by which children reorganize their schemes to return to a state of equilibrium when disequilibrium occurs

Question 5

Sensorimotor Period

Answer 5

The first four stages of Piaget’s Cognetive development, which last from birth to approximately 2 years

Question 6

Object Permanence

Answer 6

Understanding aquired in infancy that objects exist independently of oneself

Question 7

Egocentrism

Answer 7

Difficulty seeing the world from another’s point of view; typical of children in the preoperational period

Question 8

Animism

Answer 8

Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike projections such as feelings

Question 9

Centration

Answer 9

According to Piaget narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of preoperational children

Question 10

Core Knowledge Hypothesis

Answer 10

Infants are born with rudimentary knowledge of the world, which is elaborated based on experience

Question 11

Teleological Explanations

Answer 11

Children’s belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose

Question 12

Essentialism

Answer 12

Children’s belief that all living things have an essence that can’t be seen but gives a living thing its identity

Question 13

Mental Hardware

Answer 13

Mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate

Question 14

Mental Software

Answer 14

Mental “programs” that are the basis for performing particular tasks

Question 15

Attention

Answer 15

Processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual

Question 16

Orienting Response

Answer 16

An individual views a strong or unfamiliar stimulusand changes in heart rate and brain-wave activity occur

Question 17

Habituation

Answer 17

Becoming unresponsive to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly

Question 18

Classical Conditioning

Answer 18

Pavlov; A form of learning that involves pairing a neutral stimulus and a response originally produced by another stinulus

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

Viewing of learning, proposed by BF Skinner that emphasizes reward and punishment

Question 20

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 20

Memories of the significant events and experiences of one’s own life

Question 21

One-to-One Principle

Answer 21

counting principle that states that there must be one and only one number name for each object counted

Question 22

Stable-Order Principle

Answer 22

Counting principle that states that number names must always be counted in the same order

Question 23

Cardinality Principle

Answer 23

Counting principle that the last number name denotes the number of objects being counted

Question 24

Intersubjectivity

Answer 24

Mutual shared understanding among participants in an activity

Question 25

Guided Participation

Answer 25

Children’s involvement in structured activities with others who are more skilled, typically producing cognitive growth

Question 26

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 26

difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

Question 27

Scaffolding

Answer 27

A style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner’s needs

Question 28

Private Speech

Answer 28

A child’s comments that are not intended for others bit are designed instead to help regulate the child’s own behavior

Question 29

Phonemes

Answer 29

Unique sounds used to create words; the basic building blocks of language

Question 30

Infant-Directed Speech

Answer 30

Speech that adults with infants that is slow and has exaggerated changes in pitch and volume; it is thought to aid language acquisition

Question 31

Cooing

Answer 31

Early vowel-like sounds that babies produce

Question 32

Babbling

Answer 32

Speechlike sounds that consist of vowel consonant combination: common at about 6 months

Question 33

Fast Mapping

Answer 33

A child’s connections between words and referents that are made so quickly that he or she cannot consider all the possible meanings of the word

Question 34

Underextension

Answer 34

When children define words more narrowly than adults do

Question 35

Overextension

Answer 35

When children define words more broadly than adults do

Question 36

Referential Style

Answer 36

Language learning style of children whose vocabularies are dominated by names of objects, persons, or actions

Question 37

Expressive Style

Answer 37

Language learning style of children whose vocabularies include many social phrases that are used like one word

Question 38

Phonological Memory

Answer 38

Ability to remember speech sounds briefly; an important skill in acquiring vocabulary

Question 39

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 39

Speech used by young children that contains only the words necessary to convey a message

Question 40

Grammatical Morphemes

Answer 40

Words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical

Question 41

Overregularization

Answer 41

Grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule