Chapter 5

Question 1

This important document freed all persons held as slaves in the American South, however it did not free slaves in states that had remained within the Union, such as Maryland or Delaware.

Answer 1

Emancipation Proclamation

Question 2

In 1909, the _________ was founded as a rallying point for securing equality

Answer 2

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Question 3

Under this type of scrutiny, the burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate that there is a compelling governmental interest in treating people of one group differently to another group

Answer 3

Strict scrutiny

Question 4

In this conflict, Southern states seceded to defend their states’ rights to determine their own destinies without interference by the federal government

Answer 4

Civil War

Question 5

This seminal 1896 Supreme Court decision upheld the “separate but equal” doctrine, which was consistent with the Fourth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause

Answer 5

Plessy v. Ferguson

Question 6

According to the text, many women still today face this concept, which prevents them from rising to the highest levels of American organizations, including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious groups

Answer 6

Glass ceiling

Question 7

This landmark Supreme Court decision in 1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson as it related to public education and integrated public schools

Answer 7

Brown v. Board of Education

Question 8

The collective name of the discriminatory laws targeting black Americans

Answer 8

Jim Crow Laws

Question 9

This is the political attempt to redress discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity

Answer 9

Affirmative action

Question 10

One of the cornerstones of political thought in the United States is ____________

Answer 10

The belief that people should be treated equally under the law

Question 11

Discriminatory acts or laws can be considered acceptable as long as there’s a legitimate government interest in their operation. This is known as what?

Answer 11

Rational basis test

Question 12

This document stated that, “all men are created equal” and “are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

Answer 12

Declaration of Independence

Question 13

Despite segregation having been eliminated in law, “white flight” and personal choice has created this form of segregation

Answer 13

De facto segregation

Question 14

The greatest of the tools for disenfranchising black Americans from exercising their right to vote were:

Answer 14

Literacy and understanding tests

Question 15

One of the most important legislative efforts in the history of civil rights was pushed by President Lyndon B. Johnson and was known as the _______________. This act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, region, sex, and national origin.

Answer 15

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Question 16

This amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the poll tax.

Answer 16

24th Amendment

Question 17

Some civil rights leaders favored more immediate actions, such as violence, to achieve their goals. The most famous example was this man

Answer 17

Malcolm X

Question 18

This codification into law applies to all educational institutions that receive federal aid and prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in academic programs, dormitory space, health-care access, and school activities including sports

Answer 18

Title IX

Question 19

The period after the Civil War was known as ________________, during which state governments were reorganized before the rebellious Southern states were allowed to be readmitted to the Union.

Answer 19

Reconstruction

Question 20

The refusal to obey an unjust law has been known as:

Answer 20

Civil disobedience

Question 21

the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination

Answer 21

affirmative action

Question 22

the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973

Answer 22

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Question 23

laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights

Answer 23

black codes

Question 24

the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional in public education

Answer 24

Brown v. Board of Education

Question 25

a term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them

Answer 25

Chicano

Question 26

an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust

Answer 26

civil disobedience

Question 27

a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions

Answer 27

comparable worth

Question 28

a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased

Answer 28

coverture

Question 29

segregation that results from the private choices of individuals

Answer 29

de facto segregation

Question 30

segregation that results from government discrimination

Answer 30

de jure segregation

Question 31

civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations

Answer 31

direct action

Question 32

the revocation of someone’s right to vote

Answer 32

disenfranchisement

Question 33

a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law

Answer 33

equal protection clause

Question 34

the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex

Answer 34

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Question 35

an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization—including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious organizations

Answer 35

glass ceiling

Question 36

the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified

Answer 36

grandfather clause

Question 37

harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person’s sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability

Answer 37

hate crime

Question 38

the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women

Answer 38

intermediate scrutiny

Question 39

state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction

Answer 39

Jim Crow laws

Question 40

tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities

Answer 40

literacy tests

Question 41

the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed “separate but equal” racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 41

Plessy v. Ferguson

Question 42

annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote

Answer 42

poll tax

Question 43

the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens

Answer 43

rational basis test

Question 44

the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union

Answer 44

reconstruction

Question 45

a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there

Answer 45

stonewall inn

Question 46

the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available to accomplish its goals

Answer 46

strict scrutiny

Question 47

the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex

Answer 47

Title IX

Question 48

the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838–1839

Answer 48

Trail of Tears

Question 49

tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise black voters

Answer 49

understanding tests

Question 50

a primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote

Answer 50

white primary