Chapter 5 Flashcards
This important document freed all persons held as slaves in the American South, however it did not free slaves in states that had remained within the Union, such as Maryland or Delaware.
Emancipation Proclamation
In 1909, the _________ was founded as a rallying point for securing equality
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Under this type of scrutiny, the burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate that there is a compelling governmental interest in treating people of one group differently to another group
Strict scrutiny
In this conflict, Southern states seceded to defend their states’ rights to determine their own destinies without interference by the federal government
Civil War
This seminal 1896 Supreme Court decision upheld the “separate but equal” doctrine, which was consistent with the Fourth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause
Plessy v. Ferguson
According to the text, many women still today face this concept, which prevents them from rising to the highest levels of American organizations, including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious groups
Glass ceiling
This landmark Supreme Court decision in 1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson as it related to public education and integrated public schools
Brown v. Board of Education
The collective name of the discriminatory laws targeting black Americans
Jim Crow Laws
This is the political attempt to redress discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity
Affirmative action
One of the cornerstones of political thought in the United States is ____________
The belief that people should be treated equally under the law
Discriminatory acts or laws can be considered acceptable as long as there’s a legitimate government interest in their operation. This is known as what?
Rational basis test
This document stated that, “all men are created equal” and “are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
Despite segregation having been eliminated in law, “white flight” and personal choice has created this form of segregation
De facto segregation
The greatest of the tools for disenfranchising black Americans from exercising their right to vote were:
Literacy and understanding tests
One of the most important legislative efforts in the history of civil rights was pushed by President Lyndon B. Johnson and was known as the _______________. This act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, region, sex, and national origin.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the poll tax.
24th Amendment
Some civil rights leaders favored more immediate actions, such as violence, to achieve their goals. The most famous example was this man
Malcolm X
This codification into law applies to all educational institutions that receive federal aid and prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in academic programs, dormitory space, health-care access, and school activities including sports
Title IX
The period after the Civil War was known as ________________, during which state governments were reorganized before the rebellious Southern states were allowed to be readmitted to the Union.
Reconstruction
The refusal to obey an unjust law has been known as:
Civil disobedience
the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination
affirmative action
the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973
American Indian Movement (AIM)
laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights
black codes
the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional in public education
Brown v. Board of Education
a term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them
Chicano
an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust
civil disobedience
a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions
comparable worth
a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased
coverture
segregation that results from the private choices of individuals
de facto segregation
segregation that results from government discrimination
de jure segregation
civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations
direct action
the revocation of someone’s right to vote
disenfranchisement
a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law
equal protection clause
the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization—including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious organizations
glass ceiling
the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified
grandfather clause
harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person’s sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability
hate crime
the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women
intermediate scrutiny
state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction
Jim Crow laws
tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities
literacy tests
the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed “separate but equal” racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Plessy v. Ferguson
annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote
poll tax
the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens
rational basis test
the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union
reconstruction
a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there
stonewall inn
the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available to accomplish its goals
strict scrutiny
the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex
Title IX
the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838–1839
Trail of Tears
tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise black voters
understanding tests
a primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote
white primary
