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government > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

According to the text, which of these industries receives one of the largest portions of governmental aid?

A

Agriculture

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2
Q

This unique type of policy implementation allows local areas flexibility to meet specific challenges and needs. Oftentimes, this relates to healthcare or housing

A

Bottom-up implementation

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3
Q

This is the situation in which individuals exhaust a common resources by acting in their own immediate self-interest. For example, if everyone fishes in a lake every day, there will eventually be no fish in that lake.

A

Tragedy of the Commons

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4
Q

Mandatory spending accommodates approximately what percentage of all federal expenditures?

A

60

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5
Q

Congress has tried to reduce policy analysis bias in the Legislative Branch by creating this nonpartisan organization

A

Congressional Budget Office

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6
Q

While distributive policy has diffuse costs and concentrated benefits, this policy features concentrated costs and diffuse benefits. For example, large corporations paying taxes for their carbon emissions equals greater air quality for all individuals.

A

Regulatory policy

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7
Q

The overwhelming portion of the government’s education money is spent on which of the following?

A

a. Student loans
b. Grants
c. Work-study programs
d. All of the above***

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8
Q

Public policy deals with issues of concern to some ___________________, as opposed to matters of interest only to a _____________________.

A

Large segment of society; small segment of society

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9
Q

The goal of a policy analyst isn’t to encourage the implementation of policy, but rather to what?

A

Make sure that decision-makers are fully informed about the decisions they make

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10
Q

This is one of the oldest and largest pieces of social welfare policy in American history. In 2014, it costed the United States about $845 billion alone

A

Social Security

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11
Q

Which of these is a benefit of Medicare?

A

a. Prescription drug benefits
b. A guaranteed insurance benefit that helps cover major hospitalization
c. Fee-based supplemental coverage to lower costs for doctor visits and other health expenses
d. All of the above***

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12
Q

This is the broad strategy government uses to do its job. More formally, it is the relatively stable set of purposive governmental actions that address matters of concern to some part of society

A

Public policy

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13
Q

Most citizens have opinions on how they feel about certain policies. However, there are those who actively work to propose or maintain public policy. Typically, these can revolve around social issues like gay rights, abortion, gun control, or other contentious issues. These few individuals are known as what?

A

Policy advocates

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14
Q

These individuals tend to feel very comfortable with the idea of the government shepherding progressive social and economic reforms, believing that these will lead to outcomes more equitable and fair for all members of society

A

Modern liberals

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15
Q

Under this market system, supply and demand are influenced by the people without any government involvement.

A

Free-market economics

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16
Q

Which of these is not a specific stage of the policy process?

A

Testing

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17
Q

Social welfare policy has created a __________, which helps members of society who are suffering economic hardship through no fault of their own

A

Safety net

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18
Q

These individuals believe that government almost always operates less efficiently than the private sector and that government actions should be kept to a minimum

A

Libertarians

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19
Q

This is the amount by which expenditures are greater than revenues when it comes to the federal budget

A

Deficit

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20
Q

This entitlement policy requires beneficiaries to fall within a particular income category and provides to them a comprehensive set of health benefits

A

Medicaid

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21
Q

a strategy in which the federal government allows local areas some
flexibility to meet their specific challenges and needs in implementing policy

A

bottom-up implementation

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22
Q

the congressional office that scores the spending or revenue impact of all
proposed legislation to assess its net effect on the budget

A

Congressional Budget Office

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23
Q

the total amount the government owes across all years

A

debt

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24
Q

the annual amount by which expenditures are greater than revenues

A

deficit

25
Q

government spending that Congress must pass legislation to authorize each year

A

discretionary spending

26
Q

a policy that collect payments or resources broadly but concentrates direct benefits
on relatively few

A

distributive policy

27
Q

a program that guarantees benefits to members of a specific group or segment of the
population

A

entitlement

28
Q

taxes applied to specific goods or services as a source of revenue

A

excise taxes

29
Q

a school of thought that believes the forces of supply and demand, working
without any government intervention, are the most effective way for markets to operate

A

free-market economics

30
Q

an economic policy based on the idea that economic growth is closely tied to the
ability of individuals to consume goods

A

Keynesian economics

31
Q

an economic policy that assumes the key to economic growth and development is for the
government to allow private markets to operate efficiently without interference

A

laissez-faire

32
Q

people who believe that government almost always operates less efficiently than the private
sector and that its actions should be kept to a minimum

A

libertarians

33
Q

government spending earmarked for entitlement programs guaranteeing support
to those who meet certain qualifications

A

mandatory spending

34
Q

a health insurance program for low-income citizens

A

Medicaid

35
Q

an entitlement health insurance program for older people and retirees who no longer get
health insurance through their work

A

Medicare

36
Q

people who actively work to propose or maintain public policy

A

policy advocates

37
Q

people who identify all possible choices available to a decision maker and assess the
potential impact of each

A

policy analysts

38
Q

a tax that tends to increase the effective tax rate as the wealth or income of the tax-payer
increases

A

progressive tax

39
Q

the broad strategy government uses to do its job; the relatively stable set of purposive
governmental behaviors that address matters of concern to some part of society

A

public policy

40
Q

a temporary contraction of the economy in which there is no economic growth for two
consecutive quarters

A

recession

41
Q

a policy in which costs are born by a relatively small number of groups or individuals, but benefits are expected to be enjoyed by a different group in society

A

redistributive policy

42
Q

a tax applied at a lower overall rate as individuals’ income rises

A

regressive tax

43
Q

a policy that regulates companies and organizations in a way that protects the public

A

regulatory policy

44
Q

a way to provide for members of society experiencing economic hardship

A

safety net

45
Q

a social welfare policy for people who no longer receive an income from employment

A

Social Security

46
Q

an economic policy that assumes economic growth is largely a function of a
country’s productive capacity

A

supply-side economics

47
Q

a strategy in which the federal government dictates the specifics of public
policy and each state implements it the same exact way

A

top-down implementation

48
Q

Public policy ________.

A

requires multiple actors and branches to

carry out

49
Q

What are some of the challenges to getting a

new public policy considered and passed as law?

A

Approval of a new policy requires government to recognize that a problem needs solving, and the approval
of the elected branches of government. This process can take a long time.

50
Q

Toll goods differ from public goods in that

________.

A

they require the payment of a fee up front

51
Q

Which type of policy directly benefits the most

citizens?

A

regulatory policy

52
Q

Social Security and Medicare are notable for

their assistance to which group?

A

the elderly

53
Q

Setting aside Social Security and Medicare,
other entitlement programs in the U.S.
government ________.

A

constitute well under one-quarter of the

budget

54
Q

What societal ills are social welfare programs

designed to address?

A

Need-based programs exist to provide at least minimal living standards for the poor and to provide opportunities to improve their life.
allow mere survival, long term they can help the individual and society

55
Q

Which stage of the public policy process
includes identification of problems in need of
fixing?

A

agenda setting

56
Q

Policy analysts seek ________.

A

evidence

57
Q

A deficit is ________.

A

the annual budget shortfall between

revenues and expenditures

58
Q

Entitlement (or mandatory) spending is

________

A

formula-based spending that goes to

individual citizens

59
Q

When times are tough economically, what can
the government do to get the economy moving
again?

A

A Keynesian approach would recommend deficit spending to stimulate the economy. Supplyside
economists would advocate cutting taxes to get more money flowing in the economy

government (16 decks)

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