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MICRB 201 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are sexual spores important?

A

Variations can occur when fungi of different genetic makeup combine their genetic material that are advantageous to adaptation and survival

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2
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

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3
Q

What are the two main groups of fungi?

A

Macroscopic and microscopic fungi

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4
Q

What are the different methods of protozoan reproduction?

A

Mitosis, multiple fission, conjugation

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5
Q

What is a parasite?

A

A pathogen that is typically either a protozoa or helminth

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6
Q

What is the intermediate host?

A

Host in which larval development occurs

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7
Q

What structures are protozoan organelles able to specialize as?

A

Mouths, digestive systems, reproductive tracts, legs/means of locomotion

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8
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Enzyme containing vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes involved in intracellular digestion and protection

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9
Q

What are the classification criteria for helminths?

A

Shape, size, organ development, presence of special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts, egg/larvae appearance

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10
Q

What are spores?

A

Fungal reproductive bodies

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11
Q

What is the role of the RER?

A

Protein packaging and transport

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12
Q

What is the term for the dormant stage of protozoa?

A

Cyst

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13
Q

In addition to movement, what other functions can cilia serve for cells?

A

Feeding and filtering functions

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14
Q

What are cilia?

A

Structures that are similar to flagella but are shorter and more numerous

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15
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

Site of protein modification and transport

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16
Q

What are the three main types of helminths?

A

Tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms

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17
Q

Other than infections, what other medical conditions can fungi cause?

A

Allergies, neurological conditions

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18
Q

What are the four classes of protozoa, according to movement?

A
  1. Those that use flagella to move
  2. Those that use amoeboid motion to move
  3. Those that use cilia to move
  4. Those with no motility
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19
Q

What is the definitive host?

A

Host in which adulthood and mating occur

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20
Q

What is the primary medical threat from algae?

A

Ingestion of toxins during a red tide

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21
Q

What are the three types of infections caused by pathogenic fungi?

A

Community-acquired infections, hospital-associated infections, opportunistic infections

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22
Q

What are pseudopods?

A

“False feet” that allow for amoeboid motion and may serve as feeding structures

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23
Q

What is the term for the feeding stage of protozoa?

A

Trophozoite

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24
Q

What are sporangiospores?

A

Spores formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

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25
Q

What are the possible fungi cell formations?

A

Yeast cells, hyphae, and dimorphic

26
Q

What are conidospores/conidia?

A

Free spores not encloses by a spore-bearing sac

27
Q

What are cristae?

A

Fold on the inner mitochondrial membrane that hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration

28
Q

What features are found in all eukaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi body, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, glycocalyx

29
Q

How do saprobe fungi obtain nutrients?

A

They obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

30
Q

What features are found in the cells of some eukaryotic groups?

A

Cell wall, locomotor appendages, chloroplasts

31
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes?

A

Typical phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, contain sterols, selectively permeable, sophisticated transport mechanisms

32
Q

What are trematodes?

A

Helminths where the sexes are separate or hermaphroditic

33
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Holds ribosomes, DNA, enzymes, and other compounds used in metabolism

34
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The material of eukaryotic chromosomes that is bound to histone proteins

35
Q

What are trypanosomes?

A

Pathogenic flagellates that are found in the blood and are transmitted by blood-sucking vectors

36
Q

What are septa?

A

Cross walls dividing hyphae into segments

37
Q

What are the three main fungal reproductive strategies?

A
  1. Simple outward growth of existing hyphae
  2. Fragmentation of mycelium to generate new colonies
  3. Spore formation and spread
38
Q

What are helminths?

A

Multicellular animals equipped with organs and organ systems

39
Q

What molecules compose fungal cell walls?

A

Chitin or cellulose

40
Q

What is the complete life cycle of a helminth?

A

Fertilized egg, larval stage, adult stage

41
Q

What are the three fungal nutrition types?

A

Heterotrophic, saprobes, and parasites

42
Q

What are the two subkingdoms of protists?

A

Algae and protozoa

43
Q

What are the photosynthetic role of the chloroplasts?

A

Primary producers of all organic nutrients and oxygen gas

44
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Helminths where the sexes have different morphologies

45
Q

What aspect of helminths is most developed?

A

Reproductive tract

46
Q

How are helminths identified?

A

Microscopic detection of adult worm, larvae, or eggs

47
Q

What are transitional vesicles?

A

Vesicles formed by the ER when it is close to the golgi that the golgi can pick up

48
Q

What is a protist?

A

Any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

49
Q

What are the two types of protozoan species in terms of nutritional habitat?

A

Free-living heterotrophs and parasitic heterotrophs

50
Q

What is parasitology?

A

Study of protozoa and helminths

51
Q

In which eukaryotic cells are cell walls found?

A

Fungi and algae

52
Q

How are fungi identified?

A

Isolation, micro and macro observation, via asexual spore-forming structures and spores themselves, via hyphal types, colony texture, pigmentation, and genetic makeup analysis

53
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Membrane-bound sacs that contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

54
Q

What considerations are made when identifying protozoa?

A

Shape/size of cell, type/number/distribution of locomotor structures, presence of special organelles/cysts, number of nuclei

55
Q

What happens after the golgi adds polysaccharides and lipids to the proteins in transitional vesicles?

A

It pinches off condensing vesicles

56
Q

What is the role of the SER?

A

Synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules

57
Q

What is the glycocalyx (or extracellular matrix)?

A

An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment

58
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape changes and movement

59
Q

When do protozoa form cysts?

A

When conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding

60
Q

What are the three main types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

61
Q

What are the differences between eukaryotic flagella and bacterial flagella?

A

10x thicker, structurally more complex, covered by an extension of cell membrane, regularly spaced 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

62
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes of the body/colony of mold

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

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