Chapter 5 Flashcards
Why are sexual spores important?
Variations can occur when fungi of different genetic makeup combine their genetic material that are advantageous to adaptation and survival
What is the nucleolus?
Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
What are the two main groups of fungi?
Macroscopic and microscopic fungi
What are the different methods of protozoan reproduction?
Mitosis, multiple fission, conjugation
What is a parasite?
A pathogen that is typically either a protozoa or helminth
What is the intermediate host?
Host in which larval development occurs
What structures are protozoan organelles able to specialize as?
Mouths, digestive systems, reproductive tracts, legs/means of locomotion
What are lysosomes?
Enzyme containing vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes involved in intracellular digestion and protection
What are the classification criteria for helminths?
Shape, size, organ development, presence of special structures, mode of reproduction, hosts, egg/larvae appearance
What are spores?
Fungal reproductive bodies
What is the role of the RER?
Protein packaging and transport
What is the term for the dormant stage of protozoa?
Cyst
In addition to movement, what other functions can cilia serve for cells?
Feeding and filtering functions
What are cilia?
Structures that are similar to flagella but are shorter and more numerous
What is the golgi apparatus?
Site of protein modification and transport
What are the three main types of helminths?
Tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms
Other than infections, what other medical conditions can fungi cause?
Allergies, neurological conditions
What are the four classes of protozoa, according to movement?
- Those that use flagella to move
- Those that use amoeboid motion to move
- Those that use cilia to move
- Those with no motility
What is the definitive host?
Host in which adulthood and mating occur
What is the primary medical threat from algae?
Ingestion of toxins during a red tide
What are the three types of infections caused by pathogenic fungi?
Community-acquired infections, hospital-associated infections, opportunistic infections
What are pseudopods?
“False feet” that allow for amoeboid motion and may serve as feeding structures
What is the term for the feeding stage of protozoa?
Trophozoite
What are sporangiospores?
Spores formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium
What are the possible fungi cell formations?
Yeast cells, hyphae, and dimorphic
What are conidospores/conidia?
Free spores not encloses by a spore-bearing sac
What are cristae?
Fold on the inner mitochondrial membrane that hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
What features are found in all eukaryotic cells?
Cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi body, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, glycocalyx
How do saprobe fungi obtain nutrients?
They obtain substrates from dead plants and animals
What features are found in the cells of some eukaryotic groups?
Cell wall, locomotor appendages, chloroplasts
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes?
Typical phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, contain sterols, selectively permeable, sophisticated transport mechanisms
What are trematodes?
Helminths where the sexes are separate or hermaphroditic
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
Holds ribosomes, DNA, enzymes, and other compounds used in metabolism
What is chromatin?
The material of eukaryotic chromosomes that is bound to histone proteins
What are trypanosomes?
Pathogenic flagellates that are found in the blood and are transmitted by blood-sucking vectors
What are septa?
Cross walls dividing hyphae into segments
What are the three main fungal reproductive strategies?
- Simple outward growth of existing hyphae
- Fragmentation of mycelium to generate new colonies
- Spore formation and spread
What are helminths?
Multicellular animals equipped with organs and organ systems
What molecules compose fungal cell walls?
Chitin or cellulose
What is the complete life cycle of a helminth?
Fertilized egg, larval stage, adult stage
What are the three fungal nutrition types?
Heterotrophic, saprobes, and parasites
What are the two subkingdoms of protists?
Algae and protozoa
What are the photosynthetic role of the chloroplasts?
Primary producers of all organic nutrients and oxygen gas
What are nematodes?
Helminths where the sexes have different morphologies
What aspect of helminths is most developed?
Reproductive tract
How are helminths identified?
Microscopic detection of adult worm, larvae, or eggs
What are transitional vesicles?
Vesicles formed by the ER when it is close to the golgi that the golgi can pick up
What is a protist?
Any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues
What are the two types of protozoan species in terms of nutritional habitat?
Free-living heterotrophs and parasitic heterotrophs
What is parasitology?
Study of protozoa and helminths
In which eukaryotic cells are cell walls found?
Fungi and algae
How are fungi identified?
Isolation, micro and macro observation, via asexual spore-forming structures and spores themselves, via hyphal types, colony texture, pigmentation, and genetic makeup analysis
What are vacuoles?
Membrane-bound sacs that contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored
What considerations are made when identifying protozoa?
Shape/size of cell, type/number/distribution of locomotor structures, presence of special organelles/cysts, number of nuclei
What happens after the golgi adds polysaccharides and lipids to the proteins in transitional vesicles?
It pinches off condensing vesicles
What is the role of the SER?
Synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules
What is the glycocalyx (or extracellular matrix)?
An outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
Anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape changes and movement
When do protozoa form cysts?
When conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding
What are the three main types of filaments in the cytoskeleton?
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
What are the differences between eukaryotic flagella and bacterial flagella?
10x thicker, structurally more complex, covered by an extension of cell membrane, regularly spaced 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
What is the mycelium?
The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes of the body/colony of mold
