Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICRB 201 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main virulence factor of T. brucei?

A

It has the ability to switch surface antigens, thus evading host-produced antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two drugs are used to treat trypanosomiasis?

A

Suramin and pentamidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is poliomyelitis?

A

acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the initial symptoms of polio?

A

fever, headache, nausea, sore throat, myalgia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What genus is poliovirus in?

A

Enterovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for botulism?

A

Identifying a common food source among sick patients; cultivating C. botulinum, identifying C. botulinum in serum or wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can Listeriosis be diagnosed?

A

cold enrichment, ELISA testing, immunofluorescence testing, nucleic acid sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Haemophilus influenzae?

A

A gram-negative coccobacillus that causes one of the most severe forms of human meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two protozoans that cause meningoencephalitis?

A

Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the characteristics of Acanthamoeba?

A

large, amoeboid trophozoite, spiny psuedopods, double-walled cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is rabies?

A

A slow, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by fatal encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is botulism?

A

An intoxication associated with eating poorly preserved foods; can also occur as a true infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What condition is caused by the JC virus in individuals with AIDS?

A

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

A fungus that causes a more chronic form of meningitis with a more gradual onset of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What typically causes acute encephalitis?

A

viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the neurological signs associated with “furious” rabies?

A

agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching, hydrophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are arboviruses diagnosed?

A

Serum analysis and knowledge of patient’s travel history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

A gram-positive bacterium that ranges in morphology from coccobacilli to palisade formations and causes Listeriosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is meningitis caused by meningococcus differentiated from meningitis caused by pneumococcus?

A

Meningococcus causes petechiae; pneumococcus does not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is CJD diagnosed?

A

Examination of biopsied brain or nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the characteristics of N. fowleri?

A

small, flask-shaped amoeba with single, broad psuedopod; forms a rounded, thick-walled cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What diseases are caused by prions?

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is polio diagnosed?

A

Cell cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can C. neoformans be diagnosed?

A

negative staining, rapid tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the symptoms of Zika virus in infants?

A

Microencephaly, vision problems, involuntary movements, seizures, irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is T. brucei diagnosed?

A

Readily visible in blood smears, spinal fluid, and lymph nodes; serological tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is coccidioidomycosis diagnosed?

A

Observation of spherules in bodily fluids, CSF, and biopsies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What family is the Rabies virus in?

A

Rhabdoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of microorganism causes the most severe forms of acute meningitis?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which organism is responsible for the most serious form of acute meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis/Meningococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is N. meningitidis spread?

A

Through close contact with secretions or droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of meningococcemia?

A

Vascular collapse, hemorrhage, and petechiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the characteristics of Clostridium tetani?

A

gram-positive, endospore-forming bacillus

35
Q

What are the characteristics of S. pneumoniae?

A

Small, gram-positive, flattened coccus; appears end-to-end in pairs; produces an alpha-hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide

36
Q

What is the portal of entry for N. meningitidis?

A

Upper respiratory tract

37
Q

What is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis?

A

Direct fluorescent antibody testing

38
Q

What is the recommended treatment for pneumococcal meningitis?

A

Vancomycin and ceftriaxone

39
Q

How does botulinum toxin cause muscle paralysis?

A

It prevents the release of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that initiates the signal for muscle contraction

40
Q

What is another name for tetanus?

A

lockjaw

41
Q

What are the signs of CJD?

A

Altered behavior, memory loss, dementia, impaired senses, delirium, premature senility

42
Q

What are the main symptoms of infant botulism?

A

Weak sucking action, generalized loss of tone, respiratory complications

43
Q

How are arboviruses that cause encephalitis transmitted to humans?

A

Via vectors that feed on blood

44
Q

What is tetanospasmin?

A

exotoxin released by C. tetani that blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction; muscles contract uncontrollably

45
Q

What are prions?

A

Proteinaceous infectious particles that do not contain genetic material

46
Q

What are the most effective drugs for treating Toxoplasmosis?

A

pyrimethamine, leucovorin, sulfadiazine

47
Q

How does Cronobacter sakazakii cause neonatal meningitis?

A

Through contaminated powder formula

48
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed?

A

Gram stain and/or culture examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

49
Q

What is the main causative agent of bacterial pneumonias?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae/Pneumococcus

50
Q

What are the characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Gram-negative, diplococci lined up side by side

51
Q

What are the initial symptoms of rabies?

A

Fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue

52
Q

What are the main signs/symptoms of acute encephalitis?

A

behavior changes/confusion due to inflammation, decreased consciousness, seizures, possible meningitis symptoms

53
Q

What are the three major forms of botulism?

A

Food-borne, infant, and wound

54
Q

What is meningitis?

A

An inflammation of the meninges that is caused by many different microorganisms

55
Q

What is the morphology of Coccidioides?

A

moist brown or white colony with abundant, branching hyphae; fragment into arthroconidia at maturity; at warmer temperatures, germinant into a spherical cell called a spherule

56
Q

How does the rabies virus appear microscopically?

A

Bullet-shaped

57
Q

Which type of viruses are responsible for the majority of viral meningitis cases?

A

Enteroviruses

58
Q

What is Trypanosoma brucei?

A

A member of the protozoan group hemoflagellates that causes African Sleeping Sickness/trypanosomiasis

59
Q

What are the symptoms of Zika virus in adults?

A

skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain

60
Q

What is Toxoplasma gondii?

A

A flagellated parasite that tends to cause thrill-seeking behaviors in infected patients

61
Q

What are the typical signs/symptoms of meningitis?

A

Photophobia, headache, painful/stiff neck, fever, increased WBCs in CSF

62
Q

What are the two most common serotypes of H. influenzae?

A

Hib and Hia

63
Q

What are the neuromuscular symptoms of botulism?

A

double vision, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, muscular paralysis, respiratory compromise

64
Q

What are the signs/symptoms associated with arbovirus infections?

A

Coma, convulsions, paralysis, tremors, loss of coordination, memory deficits, changes in speech/personality, heart disorders

65
Q

What are the symptoms of trypanosomiasis?

A

intermittent fever, enlarged spleen, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, personality and behavior changes, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness, nighttime sleeplessness, muscular tremors, shifting gait, slurred speech, seizures, local paralysis

66
Q

What are the most common symptoms of meningitis caused by C. neoformans?

A

Headache, nausea, neck stiffness

67
Q

Why is viral meningitis called aseptic meningitis?

A

Because no bacteria or fungi are found in the CSF

68
Q

What is post-polio syndrome?

A

A condition that occurs after the initial infection with polio that results in progressive muscle deterioration

69
Q

What are the neurological signs associated with “dumb” rabies?

A

paralyzed, disoriented, stuporous

70
Q

What vector spreads trypanosomiasis?

A

Tsetse fly

71
Q

What is botulinum toxin?

A

an exotoxin produced by C. botulinum that causes flaccid muscle paralysis

72
Q

How are prions spread?

A

direct and indirect contact with infected brain tissue or CSF

73
Q

What drugs are used to treat cryptococcosis?

A

amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole

74
Q

What family is the Zika virus in?

A

RNA virus family Flavivirus

75
Q

What is a primary chancre?

A

The sore that forms at the site of a tsetse fly bite as the trypanosome multiplies within its new host

76
Q

How is T. gondii diagnosed?

A

serological tests, culture, histological analysis

77
Q

What is the most common cause of subacute encephalitis?

A

the protozoan Toxoplasma

78
Q

What is bulbar poliomyelitis?

A

A complication of polio in which the brain stem, medulla, and cranial nerves are affected

79
Q

What are the three most common causes of neonate/infant meningitis?

A

S. agalactiae, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes

80
Q

What conditions favor Coccidioides?

A

High carbon and salt content in a semiarid, hot climate

81
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

82
Q

What family is poliovirus in?

A

Picornaviridae

83
Q

What genus is the Rabies virus in?

A

Lyssavirus

84
Q

What are the three important functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory, integrative, and motor

MICRB 201 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions